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The combination of ezetimibe and ursodiol promotes fecal sterol excretion and reveals a G5G8-independent pathway for cholesterol elimination.

ABSTRACT: Previous studies suggest an interdependent relationship between liver and intestine for cholesterol elimination from the body. We hypothesized that a combination of ursodiol (Urso) and ezetimibe (EZ) could increase biliary secretion and reduce cholesterol reabsorption, respectively, to promote cholesterol excretion. Treatment with Urso increased hepatic ABCG5 ABCG8 (G5G8) protein and both biliary and fecal sterols in a dose-dependent manner. To determine whether the drug combination (Urso-EZ) further increased cholesterol excretion, mice were treated with Urso alone or in combination with two doses of EZ. EZ produced an additive and dose-dependent increase in fecal neutral sterol (FNS) elimination in the presence of Urso. Finally, we sequentially treated wide-type and G5G8-deficient mice with Urso and Urso-EZ to determine the extent to which these effects were G5G8 dependent. Although biliary and FNS were invariably lower in G5G8 KO mice, the relative increase in FNS following treatment with Urso alone or the Urso-EZ combination was not affected by genotype. In conclusion, Urso increases G5G8, biliary cholesterol secretion, and FNS and acts additively with EZ to promote fecal sterol excretion. However, the stimulatory effect of these agents was not G5G8 dependent.

SUBMITTER: Wang Y

PROVIDER: S-EPMC4373739 | biostudies-literature | 2015 Apr

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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The combination of ezetimibe and ursodiol promotes fecal sterol excretion and reveals a G5G8-independent pathway for cholesterol elimination.

Wang Yuhuan Y Liu Xiaoxi X Pijut Sonja S SS Li Jianing J Horn Jamie J Bradford Emily M EM Leggas Markos M Barrett Terrence A TA Graf Gregory A GA

Journal of lipid research 20150129 4

Previous studies suggest an interdependent relationship between liver and intestine for cholesterol elimination from the body. We hypothesized that a combination of ursodiol (Urso) and ezetimibe (EZ) could increase biliary secretion and reduce cholesterol reabsorption, respectively, to promote cholesterol excretion. Treatment with Urso increased hepatic ABCG5 ABCG8 (G5G8) protein and both biliary and fecal sterols in a dose-dependent manner. To determine whether the drug combination (Urso-EZ) fu ...[more]

PMID: 25635125

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Project description:Ezetimibe inhibits Niemann-Pick C1-like 1 (NPC1L1), an apical membrane cholesterol transporter of enterocytes, thereby reduces intestinal cholesterol absorption. This treatment also increases extrahepatic reverse cholesterol transport via an undefined mechanism. To explore this, we employed a trans-intestinal cholesterol efflux (TICE) assay, which directly detects circulation-to-intestinal lumen 3H-cholesterol transit in a cannulated jejunal segment, and found an increase of TICE by 45%. To examine whether such increase in efflux occurs at the intestinal brush border membrane(BBM)-level, we performed luminal perfusion assays, similar to TICE but the jejunal wall was labelled with orally-given 3H-cholesterol, and determined elevated BBM-to-lumen cholesterol efflux by 3.5-fold with ezetimibe. Such increased efflux probably promotes circulation-to-lumen cholesterol transit eventually; thus increases TICE. Next, we wondered how inhibition of NPC1L1, an influx transporter, resulted in increased efflux. When we traced orally-given 3H-cholesterol in mice, we found that lumen-to-BBM 3H-cholesterol transit was rapid and less sensitive to ezetimibe treatment. Comparison of the efflux and fractional cholesterol absorption revealed an inverse correlation, indicating the efflux as an opposite-regulatory factor for cholesterol absorption efficiency and counteracting to the naturally-occurring rapid cholesterol influx to the BBM. These suggest that the ezetimibe-stimulated increased efflux is crucial in reducing cholesterol absorption. Ezetimibe-induced increase in cholesterol efflux was approximately 2.5-fold greater in mice having endogenous ATP-binding cassette G5/G8 heterodimer, the major sterol efflux transporter of enterocytes, than the knockout counterparts, suggesting that the heterodimer confers additional rapid BBM-to-lumen cholesterol efflux in response to NPC1L1 inhibition. The observed framework for intestinal cholesterol fluxes may provide ways to modulate the flux to dispose of endogenous cholesterol efficiently for therapeutic purposes.

Project description:To date, most clinical comparisons of ezetimibe-statin combination therapy versus statin monotherapy have relied entirely on surrogate variables. In this systematic review, we study the efficacy and safety of ezetimibe-statin combination therapy in comparison to statin monotherapy in terms of the prevention of cardiovascular events in hyperlipidemic patients with atherosclerosis and/or diabetes mellitus.This review is based on a systematic literature search (1995 to July 2015) in PubMed, the Excerpta Medica Database (EMBASE), the Cochrane Library, and the ClinicalTrials.gov registry.Nine randomized, controlled trials with data from a total of 19 461 patients were included. Ezetimibe-statin combination therapy was associated with a lower risk of cardiovascular events than statin monotherapy: 33% of the patients treated with ezetimibe and a statin, and 35% of those treated with a statin alone, had a cardiovascular event within seven years (number needed to treat [NNT]: 50 over 7 years). Combination therapy was also significantly more effective in preventing a composite endpoint consisting of death due to cardiovascular disease, nonfatal myocardial infarction, unstable angina pectoris, coronary revascularization, and nonfatal stroke (hazard ratio [HR] 0.94, 95% confidence interval [0,89; 0,99]; p = 0.016). Diabetic patients benefited from combination therapy rather than monotherapy with respect to cardiovascular morbidity (HR 0.87 [0.78; 0.94]). On the other hand, the addition of ezetimibe to statin therapy did not lessen either cardiovascular or overall mortality. Serious undesired events occurred in 38% of the patients taking ezetimibe and a statin nd in 39% of the patients taking a statin alone (relative risk 1.09 [0.77; 1.55]).In high-risk patients with an acute coronary syndrome, combination therapy with ezetimibe and a statin lowered the risk of cardiovascular events in comparison to statin monotherapy. The risk of dying or suffering an adverse drug effect was similar in the two treatment groups.

Project description:Background In randomized trials (SHARP [Study of Heart and Renal Protection], IMPROVE -IT [Improved Reduction of Outcomes: Vytorin Efficacy International Trial]), combination of statin and ezetimibe resulted in additional reduction of cardiovascular events. The reduction was greater in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2 DM ), where elevated remnant cholesterol and high cardiovascular disease risk is characteristic. To evaluate possible causes behind these results, 40 patients eligible for cholecystectomy, randomized to simvastatin, ezetimibe, combined treatment (simvastatin+ezetimibe), or placebo treatment during 4 weeks before surgery, were studied. Methods and Results Fasting blood samples were taken before treatment start and at the end (just before surgery). Bile samples and liver biopsies were collected during surgery. Hepatic gene expression levels were assessed with qPCR . Lipoprotein, apolipoprotein levels, and content of cholesterol, cholesteryl ester, and triglycerides were measured after lipoprotein fractionation. Lipoprotein subclasses were analyzed by nuclear magnetic resonance. Apolipoprotein affinity for human arterial proteoglycans ( PG ) was measured. Biomarkers of cholesterol biosynthesis and intestinal absorption and bile lipid composition were analyzed using mass spectrometry. Combined treatment caused a statistically significant decrease in plasma remnant particles and apolipoprotein B (ApoB)/lipoprotein content of cholesterol, cholesteryl esters, and triglycerides. All treatments reduced ApoB-lipoprotein PG binding. Simvastatin and combined treatment modified the composition of lipoproteins. Changes in biomarkers of cholesterol synthesis and absorption and bile acid synthesis were as expected. No adverse events were found. Conclusions Combined treatment caused atheroprotective changes on ApoB-lipoproteins, remnant particles, bile components, and in ApoB-lipoprotein affinity for arterial PG . These effects might explain the decrease of cardiovascular events seen in the SHARP and IMPROVE - IT trials. Clinical Trial Registration URL : www.clinicaltrialsregister.eu . Unique identifier: 2006-004839-30).

Project description:BackgroundLupin proteins exert hypocholesterolemic effects in man and animals, although the underlying mechanism remains uncertain. Herein we investigated whether lupin proteins compared to casein modulate sterol excretion and mRNA expression of intestinal sterol transporters by use of pigs as an animal model with similar lipid metabolism as humans, and cellular cholesterol-uptake by Caco-2 cells.MethodsTwo groups of pigs were fed cholesterol-containing diets with either 230 g/kg of lupin protein isolate from L. angustifolius or 230 g/kg casein, for 4 weeks. Faeces were collected quantitatively over a 5 d period for analysis of neutral sterols and bile acids by gas chromatographically methods. The mRNA abundances of intestinal lipid transporters were analysed by real-time RT-PCR. Cholesterol-uptake studies were performed with Caco-2 cells that were incubated with lupin conglutin γ, phytate, ezetimibe or albumin in the presence of labelled [4-14C]-cholesterol.ResultsPigs fed the lupin protein isolate revealed lower cholesterol concentrations in total plasma, LDL and HDL than pigs fed casein (P < 0.05). Analysis of faeces revealed a higher output of cholesterol in pigs that were fed lupin protein isolate compared to pigs that received casein (+57.1%; P < 0.05). Relative mRNA concentrations of intestinal sterol transporters involved in cholesterol absorption (Niemann-Pick C1-like 1, scavenger receptor class B, type 1) were lower in pigs fed lupin protein isolate than in those who received casein (P < 0.05). In vitro data showed that phytate was capable of reducing the uptake of labelled [4-14C]-cholesterol into the Caco-2 cells to the same extend as ezetimibe when compared to control (-20.5% vs. -21.1%; P < 0.05).ConclusionsData reveal that the cholesterol-lowering effect of lupin protein isolate is attributable to an increased faecal output of cholesterol and a reduced intestinal uptake of cholesterol. The findings indicate phytate as a possible biofunctional ingredient of lupin protein isolate.

Project description:Dyslipidemia, atherosclerosis, and cardiovascular events can be prevented, or treated, using statins, alone or in combination with ezetimibe. The aim of the study was to compare the direct pleiotropic effects of two commonly-used statins (atorvastatin, rosuvastatin), ezetimibe and their combinations on endothelial cells damaged by oxidized cholesterol. HUVEC cultures were stimulated for 20 hours with atorvastatin (5 μM; 2793 ng/mL), rosuvastatin (10 μM; 4815 ng/mL), ezetimibe (1.22 μM; 500 ng/mL), atorvastatin plus ezetimibe (5 μM + 1.22 μM; 2793 ng/mL + 500 ng/mL) and rosuvastatin plus ezetimibe (10 μM + 1.22 μM; 4815 ng/mL + 500ng/mL) in separate groups, with or without 25-hydroxycholesterol pre-incubation (24.83 μM; 10 μg/mL; four hours then washout). HUVEC integrity was measured in the RTCA-DP xCELLigence system. The mRNA expression and protein levels of ZO-1, OCLN, ICAM-1 were analyzed by real-time PCR and ELISA. Pre-incubation with 25-OHC resulted in decreased endothelial cell integrity (p<0.001), decreased expression of ZO-1 mRNA (p<0.05) and protein levels (p<0.05), OCLN mRNA (p<0.05) and protein levels (p<0.05) and increased ICAM-1 mRNA (p<0.001) and protein levels (p<0.001) compared to the control group. Incubation with rosuvastatin (12h p<0.01; 24h p<0.001) and atorvastatin (only 12h p<0.05) restored HUVEC integrity. Subsequent incubation with rosuvastatin increased ZO-1 mRNA (p<0.001) and protein (p<0.001) levels. Subsequent addition of ezetimibe increased ZO-1 mRNA level (p<0.001) but not protein level. Furthermore, only incubation with rosuvastatin increased OCLN mRNA (p<0.05) and protein (p<0.05) levels. In each drug-stimulated group, both ICAM-1 mRNA and protein levels were reduced after initial incubation with oxysterol (p<0.05). 25-hydroxycholesterol disrupts endothelial integrity, decreases the mRNA and protein levels of tight junction, and increases those of intercellular adhesion molecules. Both rosuvastatin and atorvastatin can improve endothelial integrity, but only rosuvastatin can completely abolish the effect of oxysterol. The combination of statins with ezetimibe has less direct effect on the endothelial barrier than the statins alone.

Dataset Information

The combination of ezetimibe and ursodiol promotes fecal sterol excretion and reveals a G5G8-independent pathway for cholesterol elimination.

Publications

The combination of ezetimibe and ursodiol promotes fecal sterol excretion and reveals a G5G8-independent pathway for cholesterol elimination.

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