Norovirus GII.21 in children with Diarrhea, Bhutan.
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ABSTRACT:
SUBMITTER: Yahiro T
PROVIDER: S-EPMC4378497 | biostudies-literature |
REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature
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Project description:BackgroundDiarrhea is a major cause of morbidity and mortality among Bhutanese children. The etiology of diarrhea is not well known due to the challenges of conducting routine surveillance with Bhutan's modest research facilities. Establishing an etiology is crucial toward generating evidence that will contribute to policy discussions on a diarrheal disease control program. Our previous study, during 2010-2012, revealed that norovirus (NoV) is an important cause of diarrhea among Bhutanese children, and that GII.21 was the major genotype circulating at that time. In other countries, GII.4 is the major genotype responsible for NoV infections. In this update report, we provide new prevalence data to describe the progression of the transformation and distribution of the NoV genotype among Bhutanese children.MethodsFrom June 2013 through May 2014, diarrheal stool samples were collected at one national referral hospital in Thimphu, two regional referral hospitals in the eastern and central regions, and one general hospital in the western region of Bhutan. NoV was detected by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), by amplifying the capsid gene. The RT-PCR results were confirmed by nucleotide sequencing of the amplicons.ResultsThe proportion of NoV-positive stool samples was 23.6% (147/623), of which 76.9% were NoV GII and the remainders were NoV GI. The median age of infected children was 15.5 months, with a fairly balanced female: male ratio. NoV GII was most prevalent in the colder months (late November-mid April) and NoV GI had the highest prevalence in the summer (mid April-late September). Nucleotide sequencing was successful in 99 samples of GII strains. The most common genotypes were GII.3 (42.6%), GII.4 Sydney 2012 (15.8%), and GII.4 unassigned (11.9%). No GII.21 was found in any child in the present study. Phylogenetic analysis showed that GII.3 strains in the present study belonged to an independent cluster in lineage B. These strains shared an ancestor with those from different countries and Bhutanese strains circulating during 2010.ConclusionNoV remains an important cause of diarrhea among Bhutanese children. Genotype GII.3 from a single ancestor strain has spread, replacing the previously circulating GII.21. Current NoV genotypes are similar to the strains circulating worldwide but are primarily related to those in neighboring countries. NoV GII is prevalent during the cold season, while GI is prevalent during the summer. To develop a NoV infection control policy, further studies are needed.
| S-EPMC5599041 | biostudies-literature
Project description:This study was addressed to the relationship between norovirus and acute diarrhea in hospitalized children, including hospital-acquired infection (HAI) and community-acquired infection (CAI) in a children's hospital in Beijing. RT-PCR was used to detect norovirus in stool specimen, followed by sequence analysis for PCR products. From 2010 to 2013, a total of 1248 specimens, including 661 from the HAI group and 587 from the CAI group were tested for norovirus. Norovirus were detected in 380 of 1248 (30.4%) diarrheal specimens. The positive rate for norovirus detection was higher in children within HAI group than CAI group (35.3%, 232/661 vs. 25.6%, 148/587), and the difference was significant (X2 = 14.35, P<0.05). For age distribution, the highest positivity rates of norovirus were in age of 0-5 months for HAI group and 12-23 months for CAI group. In the study, 262 amplicons of the VP1 region from norovirus-positive specimens were sequenced, which showed GII.3 and GII.4 norovirus were the most common genotypes detected in 50.0% (n = 131) and 48.9% (n = 128) of the positive specimens, respectively. Regarding the wards distribution, GII.3 norovirus was mainly detected in ward for neonatal diseases (36/85 in HAI group; 19/46 in CAI group), GII.4 norovirus was mainly detected in ward for respiratory and digestive diseases (21/85 in HAI group; 15/33 in CAI group).The data elaborated the importance of norovirus in hospital associated infectious diarrhea. The prevalence of norovirus is higher from HAI group than CAI group, and the norovirus from the patients in CAI group could be the source of infection in HAI group.
| S-EPMC5491042 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Genomic Analysis of Human Noroviruses Using Hybrid Illumina-Nanopore Data
| PRJNA702780 | ENA
Project description:Human norovirus (HNoV), a positive-sense RNA virus, is the main causative agent of acute viral gastroenteritis. Multiple pandemic variants of the genogroup II genotype 4 (GII.4) of NoV have attracted great attention from researchers worldwide. However, novel variants of GII.17 have been overtaking those pandemic variants in some areas of East Asia. To investigate the environmental occurrence of GII in South Korea, we collected water samples from coastal streams and a neighboring waste water treatment plant in North Jeolla province (in March, July, and December of 2015). Based on capsid gene region C analysis, four different genotypes (GII.4, GII.13, GII.17, and GII.21) were detected, with much higher prevalence of GII.17 than of GII.4. Additional sequence analyses of the ORF1-ORF2 junction and ORF2 from the water samples revealed that the GII.17 sequences in this study were closely related to the novel strains of GII.P17-GII.17, the main causative variants of the 2014-2015 HNoV outbreak in China and Japan. In addition, the GII.P21-GII.21 variants were identified in this study and they had new amino acid sequence variations in the blockade epitopes of the P2 domain. From these results, we present two important findings: 1) the novel GII.P17-GII.17 variants appeared to be predominant in the study area, and 2) new GII.21 variants have emerged in South Korea.
| S-EPMC5310787 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Human noroviruses (huNoVs), which cause epidemic acute gastroenteritis, recognize histo-blood group antigens (HBGAs) as host attachment factors affecting host susceptibility. HuNoVs are genetically diverse, containing at least 31 genotypes in the two major genogroups (genogroup I [GI] and GII). Three GII genotypes, GII genotype 17 (GII.17), GII.13, and GII.21, form a unique genetic lineage, in which the GII.17 genotype retains the conventional GII HBGA binding site (HBS), while the GII.13/21 genotypes acquire a completely new HBS. To understand the molecular bases behind these evolutionary changes, we solved the crystal structures of the HBGA binding protruding domains of (i) an early GII.17 variant (the 1978 variant) that does not bind or binds weakly to HBGAs, (ii) the new GII.17 variant (the 2014/15 variant) that binds A/B/H antigens strongly via an optimized GII HBS, and (iii) a GII.13 variant (the 2010 variant) that binds the Lewis a (Lea) antigen via the new HBS. These serial, high-resolution structural data enable a comprehensive structural comparison to understand the evolutionary changes of the GII.17/13/21 lineage, including the emergence of the new HBS of the GII.13/21 sublineage and the possible HBS optimization of the recent GII.17 variant for an enhanced HBGA binding ability. Our study elucidates the structural adaptations of the GII.17/13/21 lineage through distinct evolutionary paths, which may allow a theory explaining huNoV adaptations and evolutions to be put forward.IMPORTANCE Our understanding of the molecular bases behind the interplays between human noroviruses and their host glycan ligands, as well as their evolutionary changes over time with alterations in their host ligand binding capability and host susceptibility, remains limited. By solving the crystal structures of the glycan ligand binding protruding (P) domains with or without glycan ligands of three representative noroviruses of the GII.17/13/21 genetic lineage, we elucidated the molecular bases of the human norovirus-glycan interactions of this special genetic lineage. We present solid evidence on how noroviruses of this genetic lineage evolved via different evolutionary paths to (i) optimize their glycan binding site for higher glycan binding function and (ii) acquire a completely new glycan binding site for new ligands. Our data shed light on the mechanism of the structural adaptations of human noroviruses through different evolutionary paths, facilitating our understanding of human norovirus adaptations, evolutions, and epidemiology.
| S-EPMC6288326 | biostudies-literature
Project description:We identified a new genotype of bufavirus, BuV3, in fecal samples (0.8%) collected to determine the etiology of diarrhea in children in Bhutan. Norovirus GII.6 was detected in 1 sample; no other viral diarrheal pathogens were detected, suggesting BuV3 as a cause of diarrhea. This study investigates genetic diversity of circulating BuVs.
| S-EPMC4036752 | biostudies-literature
Project description:OBJECTIVES:Norovirus is a major cause of diarrhea among children worldwide. This present report highlight's the genetic homology patterns of GII.17 noroviruses detected among children under-5 years of age with diarrhea in the South-South, region of Nigeria. Stool specimens were collected from 300 children with diarrhea and analyzed for norovirus using conventional reverse transcriptase-Polymerase Chain Reaction. Sequencing of the capsid region was performed to genotype the strains RESULTS: 36/300 (12.0%) of patients were positive for norovirus by RT-PCR. 7/36 (19.4%) (5 GI.3 and 2 GI.5) were GI others where typed to be GII. All GII.17 norovirus identified in this study, 3/29 (10.3%) where typed to belong to the recently discovered GII.17 Kawasaki strain. This study report for the first time the detection of norovirus GII.17 Kawasaki strain in South-South, region of Nigeria.
| S-EPMC7376658 | biostudies-literature