Small Drusen and Age-Related Macular Degeneration: The Beaver Dam Eye Study.
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ABSTRACT:
SUBMITTER: Klein R
PROVIDER: S-EPMC4402933 | biostudies-literature |
REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature
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Project description:To determine if skin intrinsic fluorescence (SIF), a noninvasive measure of advanced glycation endproducts and oxidative stress in skin is associated with AMD.SIF was measured with the SCOUT DS skin fluorescence spectrometer in a cross-sectional cohort study of 969 persons aged 68 to 102 years from the 1181 who participated in the 25-year follow-up examination in the Beaver Dam Eye Study (BDES) in 2014 to 2016. The SCOUT DS skin fluorescence spectrometer uses five light-emitting diodes, centered at 375 nm to 456 nm. AMD was assessed by grading of digital color 45° stereoscopic fundus photographs of the macula using the Wisconsin Age-Related Maculopathy grading scheme. Analyses included logistic regression with generalized estimating equations to account for correlation between the eyes of a person.There were data for 1827 eyes for analyses. Early AMD was present in 22% and late AMD in 4% of the eyes. While adjusting for age, sex, smoking status, and history of cardiovascular disease, there were no significant associations of any SIF measure with any AMD or exudative AMD. SIF01 (odds ratio per 1 SD difference on the log scale, 95% confidence interval) (1.66, 1.00-2.74, P = 0.05) and SIF03 (1.81, 1.16-2.81, P = 0.008) were associated with geographic atrophy.There was a suggestive relationship of two SIF measures, SIF01 and SIF03, using different correction factors from the excitation centered at 375 nm, with the prevalence of geographic atrophy in the BDES. Longitudinal follow-up is indicated to assess a temporal relationship.
| S-EPMC5742994 | biostudies-literature
Project description:To examine the association of vasodilator and antihypertensive medication use with the incidence of age-related macular degeneration (AMD).Longitudinal population-based study.Persons 43 to 86 years of age living in Beaver Dam, Wisconsin, from 1988 through 1990.Examinations were performed every 5 years over a 20-year period. There were 9676 total person-visits over the course of the study. Status of AMD was determined from grading retinal photographs.Incidence of AMD.The 5-year incidence of early AMD over the 20-year period was 8.4%; for late AMD, it was 1.4%; for pure geographic atrophy (GA), it was 0.6%; for exudative AMD, it was 0.9%; and for progression of AMD, it was 24.9%. While adjusting for age, gender, and other factors, using a vasodilator (hazard ratio [HR], 1.72; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.25-2.38), particularly oral nitroglycerin (HR, 1.81; 95% CI, 1.14-2.90), was associated with an increased risk of early AMD. Using an oral ?-blocker was associated with an increased hazard of incident exudative AMD (HR, 1.71; 95% CI, 1.04-2.82), but not pure GA (HR, 0.51; 95% CI, 0.20-1.29) or progression of AMD (HR, 0.92; 95% CI, 0.67-1.28) over the 20-year period.Use of vasodilators is associated with a 72% increase in the hazard of incidence of early AMD, and use of oral ?-blockers is associated with a 71% increase in the hazard of incident exudative AMD. If these findings are replicated, it may have implications for care of older adults because vasodilators and oral ?-blockers are drugs that are used commonly by older persons.
| S-EPMC4122609 | biostudies-literature
Project description:To examine the association of current cigarette smoking and pack-years smoked with the incidence and progression of age-related macular degeneration (AMD) and to examine the interactions of current smoking and pack-years smoked with complement factor H (CFH, rs1061170) and age-related maculopathy susceptibility 2 (ARMS2, rs10490924) genotype.A longitudinal population-based study of AMD in a representative American community. Examinations were performed every 5 years over a 20-year period.A total of 4439 participants in the population-based Beaver Dam Eye Study (BDES).Age-related macular degeneration status was determined from grading retinal photographs. Multi-state models were used to model the relationship of current smoking and pack-years smoked and interactions with CFH and ARMS2 with the incidence and progression of AMD over the entire age range.Incidence and progression of AMD over a 20-year period and interactions between current smoking and pack-years smoked with CFH and ARMS2 genotype.The incidence of early AMD over the 20-year period was 24.4%, and the incidence of late AMD was 4.5%. Current smoking was associated with an increased risk of transitioning from minimal to moderate early AMD. A greater number of pack-years smoked was associated with an increased risk of transitioning from no AMD to minimal early AMD and from severe early AMD to late AMD. Current smoking and a greater number of pack-years smoked were associated with an increased risk of death. There were no statistically significant multiplicative interactions between current smoking or pack-years smoked and CFH or ARMS2 genotype.Current smoking and a greater number of pack-years smoked increase the risk of the progression of AMD. This has important health care implications because smoking is a modifiable behavior.
| S-EPMC4177947 | biostudies-literature
Project description:ObjectiveTo examine the associations of cataract and cataract surgery with early and late age-related macular degeneration (AMD) over a 20-year interval.DesignLongitudinal population-based study of age-related eye diseases.ParticipantsBeaver Dam Eye Study participants.MethodsPersons aged 43 to 86 years participated in the baseline examination in 1988-1990. Participants were followed up at 5-year intervals after the baseline examination. Examinations consisted of ocular examination with lens and fundus photography, medical history, measurements of blood pressure, height, and weight. Values of risk variables were updated, and incidences of early and late AMD were calculated for each 5-year interval. Odds ratios were computed using discrete linear logistic regression modeling with generalized estimating equation methods to account for correlation between the eyes and multiple intervals.Main outcome measuresAge-related macular degeneration.ResultsAfter adjusting for age and sex, neither cataract nor cataract surgery was associated with increased odds for developing early AMD. Further adjusting for high-risk gene alleles (CFH and ARMS2) and other possible risk factors did not materially affect the odds ratio (OR). However, cataract surgery was associated with incidence of late AMD (OR 1.93; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.28-2.90). This OR was not materially altered by further adjusting for high-risk alleles (CFH Y402H, ARMS2) or other risk factors. The OR for late AMD was higher for cataract surgery performed 5 or more years prior compared with less than 5 years prior.ConclusionsThese data strongly support the past findings of an association of cataract surgery with late AMD independent of other risk factors, including high-risk genetic status, and suggest the importance of considering these findings when counseling patients regarding cataract surgery. These findings should provide further impetus for the search for measures to prevent or delay the development of age-related cataract.
| S-EPMC3411928 | biostudies-literature
Project description:ObjectiveTo describe the relationships of risk alleles in complement factor H (CFH, rs1061170) and age-related maculopathy susceptibility 2 (ARMS2, rs10490924) to the incidence and progression of age-related macular degeneration (AMD) during a 20-year period.MethodsThere were 4282 persons aged 43 to 86 years at the baseline examination in 1988-1990 enrolled in a population-based cohort study who participated in at least 1 examination spaced 5 years apart during a 20-year period and had gradable fundus photographs for AMD and genotype information on CFH and ARMS2. Low, intermediate, and high genetic risk for AMD was defined by the presence of 0 to 1, 2, or 3 to 4 risk alleles for CFH and ARMS2, respectively. Multistate models were used to estimate the progression of AMD throughout the entire age range.ResultsThere were 2820 (66%), 1129 (26%), and 333 persons (8%) with low, intermediate, and high genetic risk for AMD, respectively. The 5-year incidences of early and late AMD were 9.1% and 1.6%, respectively, and increased with age but did not differ significantly by sex. Using the multistate model, of persons aged 45 years with no AMD in the low, intermediate, and high AMD genetic risk groups, 33.0%, 39.9%, and 46.5%, respectively, were estimated to develop early AMD, and 1.4%, 5.2%, and 15.3% were estimated to develop late AMD by age 80 years.ConclusionsThese population-based data provide estimates of the long-term risk of the incidence and progression of AMD and its lesions by age and genetic risk alleles for CFH and ARMS2. They also show that when early AMD is present, knowing the phenotype contributes more to risk assessment than knowing the genetic risk based on these 2 AMD genes.
| S-EPMC3602927 | biostudies-literature
Project description:IMPORTANCE Modifying levels of factors associated with age-related macular degeneration (AMD) may decrease the risk for visual impairment in older persons. OBJECTIVE To examine the relationships of markers of inflammation, oxidative stress, and endothelial dysfunction to the 20-year cumulative incidence of early AMD. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS This longitudinal population-based cohort study involved a random sample of 975 persons in the Beaver Dam Eye Study without signs of AMD who participated in the baseline examination in 1988-1990 and up to 4 follow-up examinations in 1993-1995, 1998-2000, 2003-2005, and 2008-2010. EXPOSURES Serum markers of inflammation (high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, tumor necrosis factor-α receptor 2, interleukin-6, and white blood cell count), oxidative stress (8-isoprostane and total carbonyl content), and endothelial dysfunction (soluble vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 and soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1) were measured. Interactions with complement factor H (rs1061170), age-related maculopathy susceptibility 2 (rs10490924), complement component 3 (rs2230199), and complement component 2/complement factor B (rs4151667) were examined using multiplicative models. Age-related macular degeneration was assessed from fundus photographs. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES Early AMD defined by the presence of any size drusen and the presence of pigmentary abnormalities or by the presence of large-sized drusen (≥125-μm diameter) in the absence of late AMD. RESULTS The 20-year cumulative incidence of early AMD was 23.0%. Adjusting for age, sex, and other risk factors, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (odds ratio comparing fourth with first quartile, 2.18; P = .005), tumor necrosis factor-α receptor 2 (odds ratio, 1.78; P = .04), and interleukin-6 (odds ratio, 1.78; P = .03) were associated with the incidence of early AMD. Increased incidence of early AMD was associated with soluble vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (odds ratio per SD on the logarithmic scale, 1.21; P = .04). CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE We found modest evidence of relationships of serum high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, tumor necrosis factor-α receptor 2, interleukin-6, and soluble vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 to the 20-year cumulative incidence of early AMD independent of age, smoking status, and other factors. It is not known whether these associations represent a cause and effect relationship or whether other unknown confounders accounted for the findings. Even if inflammatory processes are a cause of early AMD, it is not known whether interventions that reduce systemic inflammatory processes will reduce the incidence of early AMD.
| S-EPMC4076038 | biostudies-literature
Project description:PURPOSE: To examine the cross-sectional relationship between drusen, late age-related macular degeneration (AMD), and cognitive function. METHODS; We included 2149 stroke-free participants from the population-based Tromsø Study in Norway. Retinal photographs were graded for presence of drusen and AMD. Cognitive function was assessed using the verbal memory test (short verbal memory), digit-symbol coding test (processing speed), and the tapping test (psychomotor tempo). We assessed the relationship between drusen, late AMD, and cognitive test scores, adjusted for potential confounders. RESULTS: Late AMD was associated with decreased performance in the verbal memory test (standardized β=-0.23, 95% confidence interval (CI): -0.51 to -0.01). Intermediate and large drusen were associated with decreased performance in the digit-symbol coding test (standardized β=-0.14 and -0.19, 95% CIs: -0.23 to -0.05 and -0.29 to -0.09, respectively). Participants with large drusen were more likely to have test scores in the lowest quartile of the digit-symbol coding test (odds ratio (OR)=1.9, 95% CI: 1.1-3.5) and the tapping test (OR=1.6, 95% CI: 1.0-2.6), but not in the verbal memory test (OR=1.0, 95% CI: 0.6-1.6). CONCLUSIONS: The findings suggest a relationship between drusen deposition and reduced cognitive function. Although the relationships between drusen, late AMD, and the cognitive test results varied in strength and significance across the types of cognitive test, and may partly have been caused by residual confounding, it is not unlikely that a genuine but weaker relationship exists between drusen deposition and cognitive decline.
| S-EPMC3831136 | biostudies-other
Project description:IntroductionThe purpose of this study was to build an automated age-related macular degeneration (AMD) colour fundus photography (CFP) recognition method that incorporates confounders (other ocular diseases) and normal age-related changes by using drusen masks for spatial feature supervision.MethodsA range of clinical sources were used to acquire 7588 CFPs. Contrast limited adaptive histogram equalisation was used for pre-processing. ResNet50 was used as the backbone network, and a spatial attention block was added to integrate prior knowledge of drusen features into the backbone. The evaluation metrics used were sensitivity, specificity and F1 score, which is the harmonic mean of precision and recall (sensitivity) and area under the receiver-operating characteristic (AUC). Fivefold cross-validation was performed, and the results compared with four other methods.ResultsExcellent discrimination results were obtained with the algorithm. On the public dataset (n = 6565), the proposed method achieved a mean (SD) sensitivity of 0.54 (0.09), specificity of 0.99 (0.00), F1 score of 0.62 (0.06) and AUC of 0.92 (0.02). On the private dataset (n = 1023), the proposed method achieved a sensitivity of 0.92 (0.02), specificity of 0.98 (0.01), F1 score of 0.92 (0.01) and AUC of 0.98 (0.01).ConclusionThe proposed drusen-aware model outperformed baseline and other vessel feature-based methods in F1 and AUC on the AMD/normal CFP classification task and achieved comparable results on datasets that included other diseases that often confound classification. The method also improved results when a five-category grading protocol was used, thereby reflecting discriminative ability of the algorithm within a real-life clinical setting.
| S-EPMC10946718 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Autosomal dominant radial drusen (ADRD), also termed Malattia Leventinese and Doyne honeycomb retinal dystrophy, causes early-onset vision loss because of mutation in EFEMP1. Drusen in an exceedingly rare ADRD human donor eye was compared with eyes affected with age-related macular degeneration (AMD). This study also elucidated whether variations in high-risk AMD genotypes modify phenotypic severity of ADRD.Morphologic and histochemical analyses of drusen in one ADRD donor and seven AMD donors. Evaluation of complement factor H (CFH) and ARMS2/HTRA1 alleles in a cohort of 25 subjects with ADRD.Autosomal dominant radial drusen had unique onion skin-like lamination but otherwise shared many compositional features with hard, nodular drusen and/or diffuse soft drusen with basal deposits. Autosomal dominant radial drusen also possessed collagen type IV, an extracellular matrix protein that is absent in age-related drusen. Antibodies directed against the membrane attack complex showed robust labeling of ADRD. Vitronectin and amyloid P were present in drusen of both types. High-risk alleles in the CFH and ARMS2/HTRA1 genes were not associated with increasing ADRD severity.Drusen from ADRD and AMD exhibit overlap of some major constituents, but ADRD exhibit distinct alterations in the extracellular matrix that are absent in AMD.
| S-EPMC5513174 | biostudies-literature
Project description:This study aimed to describe the clinical characteristics of age-related macular degeneration (AMD) eyes with both cuticular drusen (CD) and reticular pseudodrusen (RPD). Clinical records of patients diagnosed with CD or RPD with multimodal imaging was reviewed for patients diagnosed with both CD and RPD. The distribution patterns of CD (macular and diffuse type) and RPD (localized, intermediate, and diffuse type), presence of soft drusen, large drusen (> 200 µm), variant subretinal drusenoid deposits, and macular complications were investigated. Of the 220 eyes of 110 patients diagnosed with CD and 926 eyes of 463 patients diagnosed with RPD, 13 eyes of seven patients met the diagnostic criteria for both CD and RPD. The mean age at initial presentation was 71.4 ± 8.8 years and six patients were female. The mean subfoveal choroidal thickness was 143.8 ± 25.1 µm. The distribution of CD was of the macular type in all eyes. Distribution of RPD was localized in 11 eyes (84.6%) and intermediate in two eyes (15.4%). Soft drusen, large drusen, and variant subretinal drusenoid deposits were present in 13 (100%), 12 (92.3%) and, seven (53.8%) eyes, respectively. Macular neovascularization was observed in two eyes (15.4%). CD and RPD can coexist in eyes with AMD. Multimodal imaging should be used for AMD eyes with features suggestive of CD and RPD, considering the high likelihood of developing late AMD.
| S-EPMC8983695 | biostudies-literature