Dataset Information

The embodied dynamics of perceptual causality: a slippery slope?

ABSTRACT: In Michotte's launching displays, while the launcher (object A) seems to move autonomously, the target (object B) seems to be displaced passively. However, the impression of A actively launching B does not persist beyond a certain distance identified as the "radius of action" of A over B. If the target keeps moving beyond the radius of action, it loses its passivity and seems to move autonomously. Here, we manipulated implied friction by drawing (or not) a surface upon which A and B are traveling, and by varying the inclination of this surface in screen- and earth-centered reference frames. Among 72 participants (n = 52 in Experiment 1; n = 20 in Experiment 2), we show that both physical embodiment of the event (looking straight ahead at a screen displaying the event on a vertical plane vs. looking downwards at the event displayed on a horizontal plane) and contextual information (objects moving along a depicted surface or in isolation) affect interpretation of the event and modulate the radius of action of the launcher. Using classical mechanics equations, we show that representational consistency of friction from radius of action responses emphasizes the embodied nature of frictional force in our cognitive architecture.

SUBMITTER: Amorim MA

PROVIDER: S-EPMC4404728 | biostudies-literature | 2015

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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The embodied dynamics of perceptual causality: a slippery slope?

Amorim Michel-Ange MA Siegler Isabelle A IA Baurès Robin R Oliveira Armando M AM

Frontiers in psychology 20150421

In Michotte's launching displays, while the launcher (object A) seems to move autonomously, the target (object B) seems to be displaced passively. However, the impression of A actively launching B does not persist beyond a certain distance identified as the "radius of action" of A over B. If the target keeps moving beyond the radius of action, it loses its passivity and seems to move autonomously. Here, we manipulated implied friction by drawing (or not) a surface upon which A and B are travelin ...[more]

PMID: 25954235

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Project description:The datasets included in this article come from a survey carried out on a group of Polish students and self-employed entrepreneurs and were originally created for studies on tax behaviour under the slippery slope framework. The slippery slope framework explains the role of extensive power execution and building trust in the tax administration in enhancing either enforced or voluntary tax compliance accordingly [1]. Students of economics, finance, and management at the Faculty of Economic Sciences and the Faculty of Management at the University of Warsaw were surveyed in two rounds, in 2011 and 2022, using paper-based questionnaires handed to them personally. Entrepreneurs were invited to fill in online questionnaires in 2020. Questionnaires were filled in by self-employed individuals from the Kuyavia-Pomerania, Lower Silesia, Lublin, and Silesia Province. The datasets provide 599 records for students and 422 observations for entrepreneurs. The purpose of collecting these data was to analyse the attitudes of the mentioned social groups towards tax compliance and tax evasion under the slippery slope framework along two dimensions: trust in authorities and power of authorities. The sample was selected because students in these fields are the most likely to become entrepreneurs, so the study sought to capture the potential behavioural change that is taking place. Each questionnaire consisted of three parts, a description of a fictitious country (Varosia) in one of four scenarios: (1) high trust-high power; (2) low trust-high power; (3) high trust-low power; (4) low trust-low power, 28 questions including manipulation checks on trust in authorities and power of authorities, intended tax compliance, voluntary tax compliance, enforced tax compliance, intended tax evasion, tax morale and the perceived similarity between Varosia and Poland, and finally two questions on gender and age of respondents. The data presented are particularly useful for policymakers in shaping tax policy and economists in analyses regarding taxation. Researchers may be interested in reusing the provided datasets for comparative research in other social groups, regions, and countries.

Project description:In the present study we broadly explored the perception of physical and animated motion in bouncing-like scenarios through four experiments. In the first experiment, participants were asked to categorize bouncing-like displays as physical bounce, animated motion, or other. Several parameters of the animations were manipulated, that is, the simulated coefficient of restitution, the value of simulated gravitational acceleration, the motion pattern (uniform acceleration/deceleration or constant speed) and the number of bouncing cycles. In the second experiment, a variable delay at the moment of the collision between the bouncing object and the bouncing surface was introduced. Main results show that, although observers appear to have realistic representations of physical constraints like energy conservation and gravitational acceleration/deceleration, the amount of visual information available in the scene has a strong modulation effect on the extent to which they rely on these representations. A coefficient of restitution >1 was a crucial cue to animacy in displays showing three bouncing cycles, but not in displays showing one bouncing cycle. Additionally, bouncing impressions appear to be driven by perceptual constraints that are unrelated to the physical realism of the scene, like preference for simulated gravitational attraction smaller than g and perceived temporal contiguity between the different phases of bouncing. In the third experiment, the visible opaque bouncing surface was removed from the scene, and the results showed that this did not have any substantial effect on the resulting impressions of physical bounce or animated motion, suggesting that the visual system can fill-in the scene with the missing element. The fourth experiment explored visual impressions of causality in bouncing scenarios. At odds with claims of current causal perception theories, results indicate that a passive object can be perceived as the direct cause of the motion behavior of an active object.

Dataset Information

The embodied dynamics of perceptual causality: a slippery slope?

Publications

The embodied dynamics of perceptual causality: a slippery slope?

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