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Nurse plant effects on plant species richness in drylands: the role of grazing, rainfall and species specificity.

ABSTRACT: The outcome of plant-plant interactions depends on environmental (e.g. grazing, climatic conditions) and species-specific attributes (e.g. life strategy and dispersal mode of the species involved). However, the joint effects of such factors on pairwise plant-plant interactions, and how they modulate the role of these interactions at the community level, have not been addressed before. We assessed how these species-specific (life strategy and dispersal) and environmental (grazing and rainfall) factors affected the co-occurrence of 681 plant species pairs on open woodlands in south-eastern Australia. Species-specific attributes affected the co-occurrence of most species pairs, with higher co-occurrence levels dominating for drought-intolerant species. The dispersal mechanism only affected drought-tolerant beneficiaries, with more positive co-occurrences for vertebrate-dispersed species. Conversely, the percentage of facilitated species at the community scale declined under higher rainfall availabilities. A significant grazing × rainfall interaction on the percentage of facilitated species suggests that grazing-mediated protection was important under low to moderate, but not high, rainfall availabilities. This study improves our ability to predict changes in plant-plant interactions along environmental gradients, and their effect on community species richness, by highlighting that: 1) species-specific factors were more important than environmental conditions as drivers of a large amount (~30%) of the pairwise co-occurrences evaluated; 2) grazing and rainfall interaction drive the co-occurrence among different species in the studied communities, and 3) the effect of nurse plants on plant species richness will depend on the relative dominance of particular dispersal mechanisms or life strategies prone to be facilitated.

SUBMITTER: Soliveres S

PROVIDER: S-EPMC4407966 | biostudies-literature | 2012 Dec

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Nurse plant effects on plant species richness in drylands: the role of grazing, rainfall and species specificity.

Soliveres Santiago S Eldridge David J DJ Hemmings Frank F Maestre Fernando T FT

Perspectives in plant ecology, evolution and systematics 20121201 6

The outcome of plant-plant interactions depends on environmental (e.g. grazing, climatic conditions) and species-specific attributes (e.g. life strategy and dispersal mode of the species involved). However, the joint effects of such factors on pairwise plant-plant interactions, and how they modulate the role of these interactions at the community level, have not been addressed before. We assessed how these species-specific (life strategy and dispersal) and environmental (grazing and rainfall) fa ...[more]

PMID: 25914602

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Project description:Facilitation among plants mediated by grazers occurs when an unpalatable plant extends its protection against grazing to another plant. This type of indirect facilitation impacts species coexistence and ecosystem functioning in a large array of ecosystems worldwide. It has nonetheless generally been understudied so far in comparison with the role played by direct facilitation among plants. We aimed at providing original data on indirect facilitation at the community scale to determine the extent to which indirect facilitation mediated by grazers can shape plant communities. Such experimental data are expected to contribute to refining the conceptual framework on plant-plant-herbivore interactions in stressful environments. We set up a 2-year grazing exclusion experiment in tropical alpine peatlands in Bolivia. Those ecosystems depend entirely on a few, structuring cushion-forming plants (hereafter referred to as "nurse" species), in which associated plant communities develop. Fences have been set over two nurse species with different strategies to cope with grazing (direct vs. indirect defenses), which are expected to lead to different intensities of indirect facilitation for the associated communities. We collected functional traits which are known to vary according to grazing pressure (LDMC, leaf thickness, and maximum height), on both the nurse and their associated plant communities in grazed (and therefore indirect facilitation as well) and ungrazed conditions. We found that the effect of indirectly facilitated on the associated plant communities depended on the functional trait considered. Indirect facilitation decreased the effects of grazing on species relative abundance, mean LDMC, and the convergence of the maximum height distribution of the associated communities, but did not affect mean height or cover. The identity of the nurse species and grazing jointly affected the structure of the associated plant community through indirect facilitation. Our results together with the existing literature suggest that the "grazer-nurse-beneficiary" interaction module can be more complex than expected when evaluated in the field.

Project description:AimGeographic, climatic, and soil factors are major drivers of plant beta diversity, but their importance for dryland plant communities is poorly known. This study aims to: i) characterize patterns of beta diversity in global drylands, ii) detect common environmental drivers of beta diversity, and iii) test for thresholds in environmental conditions driving potential shifts in plant species composition.Location224 sites in diverse dryland plant communities from 22 geographical regions in six continents.MethodsBeta diversity was quantified with four complementary measures: the percentage of singletons (species occurring at only one site), Whittake's beta diversity (β(W)), a directional beta diversity metric based on the correlation in species occurrences among spatially contiguous sites (β(R2)), and a multivariate abundance-based metric (β(MV)). We used linear modelling to quantify the relationships between these metrics of beta diversity and geographic, climatic, and soil variables.ResultsSoil fertility and variability in temperature and rainfall, and to a lesser extent latitude, were the most important environmental predictors of beta diversity. Metrics related to species identity (percentage of singletons and β(W)) were most sensitive to soil fertility, whereas those metrics related to environmental gradients and abundance ((β(R2)) and β(MV)) were more associated with climate variability. Interactions among soil variables, climatic factors, and plant cover were not important determinants of beta diversity. Sites receiving less than 178 mm of annual rainfall differed sharply in species composition from more mesic sites (> 200 mm).Main conclusionsSoil fertility and variability in temperature and rainfall are the most important environmental predictors of variation in plant beta diversity in global drylands. Our results suggest that those sites annually receiving ~ 178 mm of rainfall will be especially sensitive to future climate changes. These findings may help to define appropriate conservation strategies for mitigating effects of climate change on dryland vegetation.

Dataset Information

Nurse plant effects on plant species richness in drylands: the role of grazing, rainfall and species specificity.

Publications

Nurse plant effects on plant species richness in drylands: the role of grazing, rainfall and species specificity.

Similar Datasets

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