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Estimated exposure to arsenic in breastfed and formula-fed infants in a United States cohort.

ABSTRACT: Previous studies indicate that concentrations of arsenic in breast milk are relatively low even in areas with high drinking-water arsenic. However, it is uncertain whether breastfeeding leads to reduced infant exposure to arsenic in regions with lower arsenic concentrations.We estimated the relative contributions of breast milk and formula to arsenic exposure during early infancy in a U.S.We measured arsenic in home tap water (n = 874), urine from 6-week-old infants (n = 72), and breast milk from mothers (n = 9) enrolled in the New Hampshire Birth Cohort Study (NHBCS) using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Using data from a 3-day food diary, we compared urinary arsenic across infant feeding types and developed predictive exposure models to estimate daily arsenic intake from breast milk and formula.Urinary arsenic concentrations were generally low (median, 0.17 ?g/L; maximum, 2.9 ?g/L) [corrected] but 7.5 times higher for infants fed exclusively with formula than for infants fed exclusively with breast milk (? = 2.02; 95% CI: 1.21, 2.83; p < 0.0001, adjusted for specific gravity). Similarly, the median estimated daily arsenic intake by NHBCS infants was 5.5 times higher for formula-fed infants (0.22 ?g/kg/day) than for breastfed infants (0.04 ?g/kg/day). Given median arsenic concentrations measured in NHBCS tap water and previously published for formula powder, formula powder was estimated to account for ~ 70% of median exposure among formula-fed NHBCS infants.Our findings suggest that breastfed infants have lower arsenic exposure than formula-fed infants, and that both formula powder and drinking water can be sources of exposure for U.S. infants.

SUBMITTER: Carignan CC

PROVIDER: S-EPMC4421773 | biostudies-literature | 2015 May

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Estimated exposure to arsenic in breastfed and formula-fed infants in a United States cohort.

Carignan Courtney C CC Cottingham Kathryn L KL Jackson Brian P BP Farzan Shohreh F SF Gandolfi A Jay AJ Punshon Tracy T Folt Carol L CL Karagas Margaret R MR

Environmental health perspectives 20150223 5

<h4>Background</h4>Previous studies indicate that concentrations of arsenic in breast milk are relatively low even in areas with high drinking-water arsenic. However, it is uncertain whether breastfeeding leads to reduced infant exposure to arsenic in regions with lower arsenic concentrations.<h4>Objective</h4>We estimated the relative contributions of breast milk and formula to arsenic exposure during early infancy in a U.S.<h4>Methods</h4>We measured arsenic in home tap water (n = 874), urine ...[more]

PMID: 25707031

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Project description:BackgroundEvidence regarding the effects of infant feeding type (exclusive breastfeeding compared with exclusive formula feeding) on the gut microbiota and how it impacts infant growth status is limited.ObjectivesThe primary objective was to compare gut microbiota by feeding type and characterize the associations between gut microbiota and infant growth status.MethodsStool samples from healthy, full-term infants (4-5 mo-old) who were either exclusively breastfed (BF) or exclusively formula-fed (FF) in Denver, CO, United States were collected, and fecal 16S ribosomal ribonucleic acid gene-based profiling was conducted. Length and weight were measured at the time of stool collection. Length-for-age z-score, weight-for-age z-scores (WAZ), and weight-for-length z-scores were calculated based on the World Health Organization standards. Associations between gut microbial taxa and anthropometric z-scores were assessed by Spearman's rank correlation test.ResultsA total of 115 infants (BF n = 54; FF n = 61) were included in this study. Feeding type (BF compared with FF) was the most significant tested variable on gut microbiota composition (P < 1 × 10-⁶), followed by mode of delivery and race. Significant differences were observed in α-diversity, β-diversity, and relative abundances of individual taxa between BF and FF. BF infants had lower α-diversity than FF infants. Abundances of Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus were greater in the breastfeeding group. FF infants had a higher relative abundance of unclassified Ruminococcaceae (P < 0.001), which was associated with a higher WAZ (P < 0.001) and length-for-age z-score (P < 0.01). Lactobacillus was inversely associated with WAZ (P < 0.05).ConclusionsFeeding type is the main driver of gut microbiota differences in young infants. The gut microbiota differences based on feeding type (exclusive breast- or formula feeding) were associated with observed differences in growth status. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT02142647, NCT01693406, and NCT04137445.

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Estimated exposure to arsenic in breastfed and formula-fed infants in a United States cohort.

Publications

Estimated exposure to arsenic in breastfed and formula-fed infants in a United States cohort.

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