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Patient and Hospitalization Characteristics Associated With Increased Postacute Care Facility Discharges From US Hospitals.

ABSTRACT: The number of patients discharged to postacute care (PAC) facilities after hospitalization increased by 50% nationally between 1996 and 2010. We sought to describe payors and patients most affected by this trend and to identify diagnoses for which PAC facility care may be substituting for continued hospital care.Retrospective analysis of the National Hospital Discharge Survey from 1996 to 2010.Adult discharges from a national sample of non-Federal hospitals.Adults admitted and discharged to a PAC facility between 1996 and 2010. Our analysis includes 2.99 million sampled discharges, representative of 386 million discharges nationally.Patient demographic and hospitalization characteristics, including length of stay (LOS) and diagnoses treated.More than half (50.7%) of all patients discharged to PAC facilities were 80 years old or older in 2010; 40% of hospitalizations in this age group ended with a PAC stay. Decreases in LOS and increases in PAC facility use were consistent across payors and patient demographics. PAC facilities may be substituting for continued inpatient care for patients with pneumonia, hip fracture, and sepsis as these diagnoses demonstrated the clearest trends of decreasing LOS and increasing discharges to PAC facilities.The rise in discharges to PAC facilities is occurring in all age groups and payors, though the predominant population is the very old Medicare patient, for whom successful rehabilitation may be most unsure. PAC facility care may be increasingly substituted for prolonged hospitalizations for patients with pneumonia, hip fracture, and sepsis.

SUBMITTER: Burke RE

PROVIDER: S-EPMC4431940 | biostudies-literature | 2015 Jun

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Patient and Hospitalization Characteristics Associated With Increased Postacute Care Facility Discharges From US Hospitals.

Burke Robert E RE Juarez-Colunga Elizabeth E Levy Cari C Prochazka Allan V AV Coleman Eric A EA Ginde Adit A AA

Medical care 20150601 6

<h4>Background/objectives</h4>The number of patients discharged to postacute care (PAC) facilities after hospitalization increased by 50% nationally between 1996 and 2010. We sought to describe payors and patients most affected by this trend and to identify diagnoses for which PAC facility care may be substituting for continued hospital care.<h4>Design</h4>Retrospective analysis of the National Hospital Discharge Survey from 1996 to 2010.<h4>Setting</h4>Adult discharges from a national sample of ...[more]

PMID: 25906015

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Project description:OBJECTIVES:To synthesize research comparing poststroke health outcomes between patients rehabilitated in skilled nursing facilities (SNFs) and those in inpatient rehabilitation facilities (IRFs) as well as to evaluate relations between facility characteristics and outcomes. DATA SOURCES:PubMed and CINAHL searches spanned January 1, 1998, to October 6, 2016, and encompassed MeSH and free-text keywords for stroke, IRF/SNF, and study outcomes. Searches were restricted to peer-reviewed research in humans published in English. STUDY SELECTION:Observational and experimental studies examining outcomes of adult patients with stroke rehabilitated in an IRF or SNF were eligible. Studies had to provide site of care comparisons and/or analyses incorporating facility-level characteristics and had to report ?1 primary outcome (discharge setting, functional status, readmission, quality of life, all-cause mortality). Unpublished, single-center, descriptive, and non-US studies were excluded. Articles were reviewed by 1 author, and when uncertain, discussion with study coauthors achieved consensus. Fourteen titles (0.3%) were included. DATA EXTRACTION:The types of data, time period, size, design, and primary outcomes were extracted. We also extracted 2 secondary outcomes (length of IRF/SNF stay, cost) when reported by included studies. Effect measures, modeling approaches, methods for confounding adjustment, and potential confounders were extracted. Data were abstracted by 1 author, and the accuracy was verified by a second reviewer. DATA SYNTHESIS:Two studies evaluating community discharge, 1 study evaluating the predicted probability of readmission, and 3 studies evaluating all-cause mortality favored IRFs over SNFs. Functional status comparisons were inconsistent. No studies evaluated quality of life. Two studies confirmed increased costs in the IRF versus SNF setting. Although substantial facility variation was described, few studies characterized sources of variation. CONCLUSIONS:The few studies comparing poststroke outcomes indicated better outcomes (with higher costs) for patients in IRFs versus those in SNFs. Contemporary research on the role of the postacute care setting and its attributes in determining health outcomes should be prioritized to inform reimbursement system reform.

Project description:Higher numbers of registered nurses (RNs) per patient have been associated with improved patient outcomes in acute-care facilities. Variation in and associations of patient care staffing levels and hemodialysis facility characteristics have not been examined previously.Cross-sectional study using Poisson regression to examine associations between patient care staffing levels and hemodialysis facility characteristics.4,800 US hemodialysis facilities in the 2009 Centers for Medicare & Medicaid (CMS) End-Stage Renal Disease Annual Facility Survey (CMS-2744 form).Facility characteristics, including profit status, freestanding status, chain affiliation, and geographic region, adjusted for facility size, capacity, functional type, and urbanicity.Patient care staffing levels, including ratios of RNs, licensed practical nurses (LPNs), patient care technicians (PCTs), composite staff (RN + LPN + PCT), social workers, and dietitians to in-center hemodialysis patients.After adjusting for background facility characteristics, ratios of RNs and LPNs to patients were 35% (P < 0.001) and 42% (P < 0.001) lower, respectively, but the PCT to patient ratio was 16% (P < 0.001) higher in for-profit than nonprofit facilities (rate ratios of 0.65 [95% CI, 0.63-0.68], 0.58 [95% CI, 0.51-0.65], and 1.16 [95% CI, 1.12-1.19], respectively). Regionally, compared to the Northeast, the adjusted RN to patient ratio was 14% (P < 0.001) lower in the Midwest, 25% (P < 0.001) lower in the South, and 18% (P < 0.001) lower in the West. Even after additional adjustments, the large for-profit chains had significantly lower RN and LPN to patient ratios than the largest nonprofit chain, but a significantly higher PCT to patient ratio. Overall composite staffing levels also were lower in for-profit and chain-affiliated facilities. The patterns hold when hospital-based units were excluded.Nursing hours were not available. Two part-time staff were counted as one full-time equivalent, which may not always be accurate.The significant variation in patient care staffing levels and its associations with facility characteristics warrants inclusion in future large-scale hemodialysis outcomes studies. End-stage renal disease networks and hemodialysis facilities should attend to quality assurance and performance improvement initiatives that maximize licensed nurse staffing levels in hemodialysis facilities.

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Project description:ObjectivesMultiparticipant physical and occupational therapy provision has fluctuated significantly in skilled nursing facilities (SNFs) under shifts in Medicare reimbursement policy. Multiparticipant therapy includes group (2-6 individuals per therapist) and concurrent therapy (2 individuals per therapist). This study uses recent patient-level data to characterize multiparticipant therapy provision in SNFs to help anticipate shifts under new Medicare policy and the COVID-19 pandemic.MethodsThis secondary analysis used data on 1,016,984 post-acute rehabilitation stays in SNFs in 2018. This analysis identified patient predictors (eg, demographic, clinical) and organizational predictors (eg, ownership, quality, staffing) of receiving multiparticipant therapy using mixed-effects logistic regression. Among individuals who received any multiparticipant therapy, those patient or facility factors associated with high rates of multiparticipant therapy provision were also determined.ResultsLess than 3% of individuals received multiparticipant therapy in 2018. Patient functional and cognitive impairment and indicators of market regulation were associated with lower odds of multiparticipant therapy. Effect sizes for organizational factors associated with multiparticipant therapy provision were generally larger compared with patient factors. High multiparticipant therapy provision was concentrated in <2% of SNFs and was positively associated with for-profit ownership, contract staffing, and low 5-star quality ratings.ConclusionSNF organizational characteristics tended to have stronger associations with multiparticipant therapy provision than patient factors, suggesting that changes in patient case-mix, as expected during the COVID-19 pandemic, may have less of an impact on multiparticipant therapy provision than organizational factors. Results suggest that for-profit SNFs in states with higher market regulation, SNFs providing high volumes of therapy, and SNFs utilizing high proportions of assistants and contract staff may be more responsive to Medicare policy by increasing multiparticipant therapy provision.ImpactThis study may help identify SNFs that are more likely to increase multiparticipant therapy provision under new Medicare payment policy.

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Patient and Hospitalization Characteristics Associated With Increased Postacute Care Facility Discharges From US Hospitals.

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Patient and Hospitalization Characteristics Associated With Increased Postacute Care Facility Discharges From US Hospitals.

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