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Intercellular chaperone transmission via exosomes contributes to maintenance of protein homeostasis at the organismal level.

ABSTRACT: The heat shock response (HSR), a transcriptional response that up-regulates molecular chaperones upon heat shock, is necessary for cell survival in a stressful environment to maintain protein homeostasis (proteostasis). However, there is accumulating evidence that the HSR does not ubiquitously occur under stress conditions, but largely depends on the cell types. Despite such imbalanced HSR among different cells and tissues, molecular mechanisms by which multicellular organisms maintain their global proteostasis have remained poorly understood. Here, we report that proteostasis can be maintained by molecular chaperones not only in a cell-autonomous manner but also in a non-cell-autonomous manner. We found that elevated expression of molecular chaperones, such as Hsp40 and Hsp70, in a group of cells improves proteostasis in other groups of cells, both in cultured cells and in Drosophila expressing aggregation-prone polyglutamine proteins. We also found that Hsp40, as well as Hsp70 and Hsp90, is physiologically secreted from cells via exosomes, and that the J domain at the N terminus is responsible for its exosome-mediated secretion. Addition of Hsp40/Hsp70-containing exosomes to the culture medium of the polyglutamine-expressing cells results in efficient suppression of inclusion body formation, indicating that molecular chaperones non-cell autonomously improve the protein-folding environment via exosome-mediated transmission. Our study reveals that intercellular chaperone transmission mediated by exosomes is a novel molecular mechanism for non-cell-autonomous maintenance of organismal proteostasis that could functionally compensate for the imbalanced state of the HSR among different cells, and also provides a novel physiological role of exosomes that contributes to maintenance of organismal proteostasis.

SUBMITTER: Takeuchi T

PROVIDER: S-EPMC4434695 | biostudies-literature | 2015 May

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Intercellular chaperone transmission via exosomes contributes to maintenance of protein homeostasis at the organismal level.

Takeuchi Toshihide T Suzuki Mari M Fujikake Nobuhiro N Popiel H Akiko HA Kikuchi Hisae H Futaki Shiroh S Wada Keiji K Nagai Yoshitaka Y

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 20150427 19

The heat shock response (HSR), a transcriptional response that up-regulates molecular chaperones upon heat shock, is necessary for cell survival in a stressful environment to maintain protein homeostasis (proteostasis). However, there is accumulating evidence that the HSR does not ubiquitously occur under stress conditions, but largely depends on the cell types. Despite such imbalanced HSR among different cells and tissues, molecular mechanisms by which multicellular organisms maintain their glo ...[more]

PMID: 25918398

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Project description:Exosomes are small membrane-enclosed vesicles produced by various cells and actively released into the extracellular space. They participate in intercellular communication and transfer of biologically active proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids. Accumulating evidence suggests that exosomes derived from cells infected by some viruses selectively encapsulate viral proteins, genetic materials, or even virions to mediate cell-to-cell communication and/or virus transmission. Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) is an Arterivirus that has been devastating the global swine industry since the late 1980s. Recent studies have shown that major proteins secreted from PRRSV-infected cells are exosomal proteins and that the serum-derived exosomes from PRRSV-infected pigs contain viral proteins. However, the role of exosomes in PRRSV infection remains unclear. In this study, purified exosomes isolated from PRRSV-infected cells were shown with reverse transcription-PCR and mass spectrometry to contain viral genomic RNA and partial viral proteins. Furthermore, exosomes from PRRSV-infected cells established productive infection in both PRRSV-susceptible and -nonsusceptible cells. More importantly, exosome-mediated infection was not completely blocked by PRRSV-specific neutralizing antibodies. In summary, this study demonstrated that exosomes can mediate PRRSV transmission and are even resistant to antibody neutralization, identifying a potential immune evasion mechanism utilized by PRRSV.IMPORTANCE Exosomes have recently been characterized as bioactive vesicles that function to promote intercellular communication. The exosomes from virally infected cells containing altered compositions confer numerous novel functionalities. A study of the secretome of cells infected with PRRSV indicated that the exosomal pathway is strongly activated by PRRSV infection. Here, we demonstrate that PRRSV can utilize host exosomes to infect naive healthy cells. Furthermore, exosome-mediated viral transmission is largely resistant to PRRSV-specific neutralizing antibodies. Our study provides novel insights into an alternative mechanism of PRRSV transmission that can compromise the host's anti-PRRSV immune response.

Dataset Information

Intercellular chaperone transmission via exosomes contributes to maintenance of protein homeostasis at the organismal level.

Publications

Intercellular chaperone transmission via exosomes contributes to maintenance of protein homeostasis at the organismal level.

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