Dataset Information

Capturing illicit drug use where and when it happens: an ecological momentary assessment of the social, physical and activity environment of using versus craving illicit drugs.

ABSTRACT: To understand the environmental and contextual influences of illicit cocaine and heroin use and craving using mobile health (mHealth) methods.Interactive mHealth methods of ecological momentary assessment (EMA) were utilized in the Exposure Assessment in Current Time (EXACT) study to assess drug use and craving among urban drug users in real time. Participants were provided with mobile devices and asked to self-report every time they either craved (without using) or used heroin or cocaine for 30 days from November 2008 through May 2013.Baltimore, MD, USA.A total of 109 participants from the AIDS Linked to the IntraVenous Experience (ALIVE) study.For each drug use or craving event, participants answered questions concerning their drug use, current mood and their social, physical and activity environments. Odds ratios (OR) of drug use versus craving were obtained from logistic regression models with generalized estimating equations of all reported events.Participants were a median of 48.5 years old, 90% African American, 52% male and 59% HIV-infected. Participants were significantly more likely to report use rather than craving drugs if they were with someone who was using drugs [adjusted odds ratio (aOR)?=?1.45, 95% confidence interval (CI)?=?1.13, 1.86), in an abandoned space (aOR?=?6.65, 95% CI?=?1.78, 24.84) or walking/wandering (aOR?=?1.68, 95% CI?=?1.11, 2.54). Craving drugs was associated with being with a child (aOR?=?0.26, 95% CI?=?0.12, 0.59), eating (aOR?=?0.54, 95% CI?=?0.34, 0.85) or being at the doctor's office (aOR?=?0.31, 95% CI?=?0.12, 0.80).There are distinct drug using and craving environments among urban drug users, which may provide a framework for developing real-time context-sensitive interventions.

SUBMITTER: Linas BS

PROVIDER: S-EPMC4447335 | biostudies-literature | 2015 Feb

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Capturing illicit drug use where and when it happens: an ecological momentary assessment of the social, physical and activity environment of using versus craving illicit drugs.

Linas Beth S BS Latkin Carl C Westergaard Ryan P RP Chang Larry W LW Bollinger Robert C RC Genz Andrew A Kirk Gregory D GD

Addiction (Abingdon, England) 20141120 2

<h4>Aims</h4>To understand the environmental and contextual influences of illicit cocaine and heroin use and craving using mobile health (mHealth) methods.<h4>Design</h4>Interactive mHealth methods of ecological momentary assessment (EMA) were utilized in the Exposure Assessment in Current Time (EXACT) study to assess drug use and craving among urban drug users in real time. Participants were provided with mobile devices and asked to self-report every time they either craved (without using) or u ...[more]

PMID: 25311241

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Project description:AimTo assess the role of momentary pain on opioid craving and illicit opioid use among individuals receiving opioid agonist treatment.DesignObservational study using ecological momentary assessment.SettingThe National Institute of Drug Abuse Intramural Research Program in the United States.ParticipantsFifty-six adults who qualified for opioid agonist treatment.MeasurementsParticipants completed randomly prompted assessments of pain severity, stress, negative mood, opioid craving and illicit opioid use for a mean of 66 days [standard deviation (SD) = 27]. Urine samples were collected two to three times/week throughout.FindingsAlmost 70% of participants reported moderate average pain severity in the past 24 hours at intake and 35% of participants reported chronic pain. There were no significant differences in percent of opioid-positive urine samples (P = 0.73) and average level of opioid craving during the study period (P = 0.91) among opioid agonist treatment only patients versus opioid agonist treatment patients with chronic pain. However, momentary pain severity significantly predicted concurrent opioid craving [B = 0.02, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.01, 0.04], over and above stress and negative mood. Momentary opioid craving, in turn, significantly predicted illicit opioid use that was assessed in the next moment [odds ratio (OR) = 1.72, 95% CI = 1.12, 2.64), while controlling for autocorrelation and the effects of pain, negative mood and stress. Momentary opioid craving significantly mediated the prospective association between momentary pain and illicit opioid use (95% CI = 0.003, 0.032). Exploratory analysis revealed that momentary pain severity also significantly moderated the momentary association between stress and opioid craving (B = 0.02, 95% CI = 0.00, 0.04), such that when momentary pain severity increased, the association between the two intensified.ConclusionsAmong people receiving opioid agonist treatment, momentary pain appears to be indirectly associated with illicit opioid use via momentary opioid craving.

Project description:Quorum-sensing (QS) is a cell-cell communication system that controls gene expression in many bacterial species, mediated by diffusible signal molecules. While the intracellular regulatory mechanisms of QS are often well-understood, the functional roles of QS remain controversial. In particular, the use of multiple signals by many bacterial species poses a serious challenge to current functional theories. Here we address this challenge by showing that bacteria can use multiple QS signals to infer both their social (density) and physical (mass-transfer) environment. Analytical and evolutionary simulation models show that the detection of and response to complex social/physical contrasts requires multiple signals with distinct half-lives and combinatorial (non-additive) responses to signal concentrations. We test these predictions using the opportunistic pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and demonstrate significant differences in signal decay between its two primary signal molecules as well as diverse combinatorial responses to dual signal inputs. QS is associated with the control of secreted factors, and we show that secretome genes are preferentially controlled by synergistic M-bM-^@M-^XAND-gateM-bM-^@M-^Y responses to multiple signal inputs, ensuring the effective expression of secreted factors in high density and low mass-transfer environments. Our results support a novel functional hypothesis for the use of multiple signals and, more generally, show that bacteria are capable of combinatorial communication. The two primary signal molecules of P. aeruginosa are the homoserine lactones N-(3-oxododecanoyl)-L-homoserine lactone (3-oxo-C12-HSL) and N-butyryl-homoserine lactone (C4-HSL). Effects of the different signal molecules was assessed using a double QS synthase mutant of Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1 lasI/rhlI grown at 37M-BM-0C in 25 ml LB broth and 250 ml flasks with shaking at 200 r.p.m. in four treatments, each with a replicate: (a) no addition; (b) 3-oxo- C12-HSL; (c) C4-HSL; and (d) both 3-oxo-C12-HSL and C4-HSL.

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Dataset Information

Capturing illicit drug use where and when it happens: an ecological momentary assessment of the social, physical and activity environment of using versus craving illicit drugs.

Publications

Capturing illicit drug use where and when it happens: an ecological momentary assessment of the social, physical and activity environment of using versus craving illicit drugs.

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