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Take the monkey and run.

ABSTRACT: The common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus) is a small, New World primate that is used extensively in biomedical and behavioral research. This short-lived primate, with its small body size, ease of handling, and docile temperament, has emerged as a valuable model for aging and neurodegenerative research. A growing body of research has indicated exercise, aerobic exercise especially, imparts beneficial effects to normal aging. Understanding the mechanisms underlying these positive effects of exercise, and the degree to which exercise has neurotherapeutic effects, is an important research focus. Thus, developing techniques to engage marmosets in aerobic exercise would have great advantages.Here we describe the marmoset exercise ball (MEB) paradigm: a safe (for both experimenter and subjects), novel and effective means to engage marmosets in aerobic exercise. We trained young adult male marmosets to run on treadmills for 30 min a day, 3 days a week.Our training procedures allowed us to engage male marmosets in this aerobic exercise within 4 weeks, and subjects maintained this frequency of exercise for 3 months.To our knowledge, this is the first described method to engage marmosets in aerobic exercise. A major advantage of this exercise paradigm is that while it was technically forced exercise, it did not appear to induce stress in the marmosets.These techniques should be useful to researchers wishing to address physiological responses of exercise in a marmoset model.

SUBMITTER: Phillips KA

PROVIDER: S-EPMC4464801 | biostudies-literature | 2015 Jun

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Take the monkey and run.

Phillips Kimberley A KA Hambright M Karen MK Hewes Kelly K Schilder Brian M BM Ross Corinna N CN Tardif Suzette D SD

Journal of neuroscience methods 20150331

<h4>Background</h4>The common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus) is a small, New World primate that is used extensively in biomedical and behavioral research. This short-lived primate, with its small body size, ease of handling, and docile temperament, has emerged as a valuable model for aging and neurodegenerative research. A growing body of research has indicated exercise, aerobic exercise especially, imparts beneficial effects to normal aging. Understanding the mechanisms underlying these positive ...[more]

PMID: 25835199

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Project description:Approximately 20% of sleeping sickness patients exhibit respiratory complications which are commonly attributed to secondary bacterial infections, with an unknown role of the parasite. Using a Glossina morsitans tsetse fly initiated Trypansoma brucei infection in mice we found that parasites rapidly and permanently colonize the lungs, representing one of the major target organs next to the adipose tissue. Trypanosomes were found by immunofluorescence staining and scanning electron microscopy to occupy the extravascular spaces surrounding the blood vessels of the alveoli and bronchi. Parasites were even found in the lung cartilage. Trypanosomes were often observed as nests of multiplying parasites exhibiting close interactions with collagen and highly active secretion of extracellular vesicles that are engaged in intercellular communication. The local immune response was analysed by flow cytometry after 10 and 21 days of infection and was characterized by a substantial increase of CD11b+ Ly6C+ monocytes, CD11b+ Ly6C+ F4/80+ macrophages and CD11b+ CD11c+ dendritic cells. CD11b+ Ly6G+ neutrophils only accumulated prominently at the late infection time point. Interestingly, parasite presence resulted in a significant reduction of B220+ IgM+ B cells, CD11b+ CD11clo/- SiglecF+ eosinophils and TcR-β- NK1.1+ natural killer cells. Digital transcriptomics revealed infection-induced upregulation of Il-10, IFN-ɣ- and IFN-α-responses, IL-2-, IL-6- and TNF-signalling, a Th1 pro-inflammatory signature, negative immune checkpoint regulators and a predominant M1 macrophage polarization. Il12a and genes associated with complement and the B cell receptor were downregulated. No infection-associated pulmonary dysfunction could be detected by in vivo lung function measurements, mirroring the limited pulmonary complications during sleeping sickness. However, the substantial reduction of eosinophils, B cells and NK cells may render individuals more susceptible to opportunistic infections. Collectively, these observations provide essential insights in the peculiar parasite biology, immunological reactions and physiological function of a largely overlooked target organ which may trigger new diagnostic approaches for sleeping sickness.

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Take the monkey and run.

Publications

Take the monkey and run.

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