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Lungs, microbes and the developing neonate.

ABSTRACT: Microbes are ubiquitous on the human body and comprise approximately 90% of the cells and 99% of the genes of the human supraorganism. High-throughput sequencing technology has permitted the development of culture-independent means to identify the microbiota that are unique to the various microenvironments of the body and probably contribute some function. Although the respiratory tract interfaces with the environment, the lungs were always thought to be a sterile environment - until recently, when these techniques were applied to healthy and disease states. Further, there appears to be a complex interplay between the development of the gastrointestinal and respiratory microbiota and the regulation of immune function. The contribution of this dynamic metabolic mass to respiratory disease in the newborn is unknown. This article will review emerging data from recent human and murine studies that suggest there is a microbial influence on the development of respiratory disease, but it will also highlight many of the gaps that remain in understanding the function of the respiratory microbiome.

SUBMITTER: Warner BB

PROVIDER: S-EPMC4465447 | biostudies-literature | 2015

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Lungs, microbes and the developing neonate.

Warner Barbara B BB Hamvas Aaron A

Neonatology 20150605 4

Microbes are ubiquitous on the human body and comprise approximately 90% of the cells and 99% of the genes of the human supraorganism. High-throughput sequencing technology has permitted the development of culture-independent means to identify the microbiota that are unique to the various microenvironments of the body and probably contribute some function. Although the respiratory tract interfaces with the environment, the lungs were always thought to be a sterile environment - until recently, w ...[more]

PMID: 26044101

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Project description:Effective antimicrobial strategies are essential adaptations of insects to protect themselves, their offspring, and their foods from microbial pathogens and decomposers. Larvae of the emerald cockroach wasp, Ampulex compressa, sanitize their cockroach hosts, Periplaneta americana, with a cocktail of nine antimicrobials comprising mainly (R)-(-)-mellein and micromolide. The blend of these antimicrobials has broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity. Here we explore the spatio-temporal pattern of deployment of antimicrobials during the development from egg to adult as well as their physico-chemical properties to assess how these aspects may contribute to the success of the antimicrobial strategy. Using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) we show that larvae start sanitizing their food as soon as they have entered their host to feed on its tissue. Subsequently, they impregnate the cockroach carcass with antimicrobials to create a hygienic substrate for cocoon spinning inside the host. Finally, the antimicrobials are incorporated into the cocoon. The antimicrobial profiles on cockroach and wasp cocoon differed markedly. While micromolide persisted on the cockroaches until emergence of the wasps, solid-phase microextraction sampling and GC/MS analysis revealed that (R)-(-)-mellein vaporized from the cockroaches and accumulated in the enclosed nest. In microbial challenge assays (R)-(-)-mellein in the headspace of parasitized cockroaches inhibited growth of entomopathogenic and opportunistic microbes (Serratia marcescens, Aspergillus sydowii, Metarhizium brunneum). We conclude that, in addition to food sanitation, A. compressa larvae enclose themselves in two defensive walls by impregnating the cocoon and the cockroach cuticle with antimicrobials. On top of that, they use vaporous (R)-(-)-mellein to sanitize the nest by fumigation. This multifaceted antimicrobial defense strategy involving the spatially and temporally coordinated deployment of several antimicrobials in solution and vapor form has apparently evolved to reliably protect the larvae themselves and their food against a broad range of antagonistic microbes.

Dataset Information

Lungs, microbes and the developing neonate.

Publications

Lungs, microbes and the developing neonate.

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