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How does single oxygen atom addition affect the properties of an Fe-nitrile hydratase analogue? The compensatory role of the unmodified thiolate.

ABSTRACT: Nitrile hydratase (NHase) is one of a growing number of enzymes shown to contain post-translationally modified cysteine sulfenic acids (Cys-SOH). Cysteine sulfenic acids have been shown to play diverse roles in cellular processes, including transcriptional regulation, signal transduction, and the regulation of oxygen metabolism and oxidative stress responses. The function of the cysteine sulfenic acid coordinated to the iron active site of NHase is unknown. Herein we report the first example of a sulfenate-ligated iron complex, [Fe(III)(ADIT)(ADIT-O)](+) (5), and compare its electronic and magnetic properties with those of structurally related complexes in which the sulfur oxidation state and protonation state have been systematically altered. Oxygen atom addition was found to decrease the unmodified thiolate Fe-S bond length and blue-shift the ligand-to-metal charge-transfer band (without loss of intensity). S K-edge X-ray absorption spectroscopy and density functional theory calculations show that, although the modified RS-O(-) fragment is incapable of forming a pi bond with the Fe(III) center, the unmodified thiolate compensates for this loss of pi bonding by increasing its covalent bond strength. The redox potential shifts only slightly (75 mV), and the magnetic properties are not affected (the S = (1)/(2) spin state is maintained). The coordinated sulfenate S-O bond is activated and fairly polarized (S(+)-O(-)). Addition of strong acids at low temperatures results in the reversible protonation of sulfenate-ligated 5. An X-ray structure demonstrates that Zn(2+) binds to the sulfenate oxygen to afford [Fe(III)(ADIT)(ADIT-O-ZnCl(3))] (6). The coordination of ZnCl(3)(-) to the RS-O(-) unit causes the covalent overlap with the unmodified thiolate to increase further. A possible catalytic role for the unmodified NHase thiolate, involving its ability to "tune" the electronics in response to protonation of the sulfenate (RS-O(-)) oxygen and/or substrate binding, is discussed.

SUBMITTER: Lugo-Mas P

PROVIDER: S-EPMC4481871 | biostudies-literature | 2006 Aug

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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How does single oxygen atom addition affect the properties of an Fe-nitrile hydratase analogue? The compensatory role of the unmodified thiolate.

Lugo-Mas Priscilla P Dey Abhishek A Xu Liang L Davin Steven D SD Benedict Jason J Kaminsky Werner W Hodgson Keith O KO Hedman Britt B Solomon Edward I EI Kovacs Julie A JA

Journal of the American Chemical Society 20060801 34

Nitrile hydratase (NHase) is one of a growing number of enzymes shown to contain post-translationally modified cysteine sulfenic acids (Cys-SOH). Cysteine sulfenic acids have been shown to play diverse roles in cellular processes, including transcriptional regulation, signal transduction, and the regulation of oxygen metabolism and oxidative stress responses. The function of the cysteine sulfenic acid coordinated to the iron active site of NHase is unknown. Herein we report the first example of ...[more]

PMID: 16925440

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Project description:Detailed spectroscopic and computational studies of the low-spin iron complexes [Fe(III)(S2(Me2)N3 (Pr,Pr))(N3)] (1) and [Fe(III)(S2(Me2)N3 (Pr,Pr))]1+ (2) were performed to investigate the unique electronic features of these species and their relation to the low-spin ferric active sites of nitrile hydratases. Low-temperature UV/vis/NIR and MCD spectra of 1 and 2 reflect electronic structures that are dominated by antibonding interactions of the Fe 3d manifold and the equatorial thiolate S 3p orbitals. The six-coordinate complex 1 exhibits a low-energy S(pi) --> Fe 3d(xy) (approximately 13,000 cm(-1)) charge-transfer transition that results predominantly from the low energy of the singly occupied Fe 3d(xy) orbital, due to pure pi interactions between this acceptor orbital and both thiolate donor ligands in the equatorial plane. The 3d(pi) --> 3d(sigma) ligand-field transitions in this species occur at higher energies (>15,000 cm(-1)), reflecting its near-octahedral symmetry. The Fe 3d(xz,yz) --> Fe 3d(xy) (d(pi) --> d(pi)) transition occurs in the near-IR and probes the Fe(III)-S pi-donor bond; this transition reveals vibronic structure that reflects the strength of this bond (nu(e) approximately 340 cm(-1)). In contrast, the ligand-field transitions of the five-coordinate complex 2 are generally at low energy, and the S(pi) --> Fe charge-transfer transitions occur at much higher energies relative to those in 1. This reflects changes in thiolate bonding in the equatorial plane involving the Fe 3d(xy) and Fe 3d(x2-y2) orbitals. The spectroscopic data lead to a simple bonding model that focuses on the sigma and pi interactions between the ferric ion and the equatorial thiolate ligands, which depend on the S-Fe-S bond angle in each of the complexes. These electronic descriptions provide insight into the unusual S = 1/2 ground spin state of these complexes: the orientation of the thiolate ligands in these complexes restricts their pi-donor interactions to the equatorial plane and enforces a low-spin state. These anisotropic orbital considerations provide some intriguing insights into the possible electronic interactions at the active site of nitrile hydratases and form the foundation for further studies into these low-spin ferric enzymes.

Project description:A series of four structurally related cis-dithiolate-ligated Fe(III) complexes, [Fe(III)(DITpy)2]Cl (1), [Fe(III)(DITIm)2]Cl (2), [Fe(III)(ADIT)2]Cl (3), and [Fe(III)(AMIT)2]Cl (4), are described. The structural characterization of 3 as well as the spectroscopic properties of 3 and 4 has been previously reported. Crystal data for 1, 2, and 4 are as follows: 1.3H2O crystallizes in the orthorhombic space group Pca2(1) with a = 19.800(4) A, b = 18.450(4) A, c = 14.800(3) A, and Z = 8. 2.(1/2)EtOH.1/2H2O crystallizes in the monoclinic space group Cc with a = 24.792(4) A, b = 14.364(3) A, c = 17.527(3) A, beta = 124.91(2) degrees, and Z = 8. 4 crystallizes in the triclinic space group P1 with a = 8.0152(6) A, b = 10.0221(8) A, c = 11.8384(10) A, alpha = 73.460(3) degrees, beta = 71.451(5) degrees, gamma = 72.856(4) degrees, and Z = 2. Complexes 1-4 share a common S2N4 coordination environment that consists of two cis-thiolates, two trans-imines, and two cis-terminal nitrogen donors: Nterm = pyridine (1), imidazole (2), and primary amine (3 and 4). The crystallographically determined mean Fe-S bond distances in 1-4 range from 2.196 to 2.232 A and are characteristic of low-spin Fe(III)-thiolate complexes. The low-spin S = 1/2 ground state was confirmed by both EPR and magnetic susceptibility measurements. The electronic spectra of these complexes are characterized by broad absorption bands centered near approximately 700 nm that are consistent with ligand-to-metal charge-transfer (CT) bands. The complexes were further characterized by cyclic voltammetry measurements, and all possess highly negative Fe(III)/Fe(II) redox couples ( approximately -1 V vs SCE, saturated calomel electrode) indicating that alkyl thiolate donors are effective at stabilizing Fe(III) centers. Both the redox couple and the 700 nm band in the visible spectra show solvent-dependent shifts that are dependent upon the H-bonding ability of the solvent. The implications of these results with respect to the active site of the iron-containing nitrile hydratases are also discussed.

Project description:BackgroundNitrile hydratases are enzymes involved in the conversion of nitrile-containing compounds into ammonia and organic acids. Although they are widespread in prokaryotes, nitrile hydratases have only been reported in two eukaryotes: the choanoflagellate Monosiga brevicollis and the stramenopile Aureococcus anophagefferens. The nitrile hydratase gene in M. brevicollis was believed to have arisen by lateral gene transfer from a prokaryote, and is a fusion of beta and alpha nitrile hydratase subunits. Only the alpha subunit has been reported in A. anophagefferens.Methodology/principal findingsHere we report the detection of nitrile hydratase genes in five eukaryotic supergroups: opisthokonts, amoebozoa, archaeplastids, CCTH and SAR. Beta-alpha subunit fusion genes are found in the choanoflagellates, ichthyosporeans, apusozoans, haptophytes, rhizarians and stramenopiles, and potentially also in the amoebozoans. An individual alpha subunit is found in a dinoflagellate and an individual beta subunit is found in a haptophyte. Phylogenetic analyses recover a clade of eukaryotic-type nitrile hydratases in the Opisthokonta, Amoebozoa, SAR and CCTH; this is supported by analyses of introns and gene architecture. Two nitrile hydratase sequences from an animal and a plant resolve in the prokaryotic nitrile hydratase clade.Conclusions/significanceThe evidence presented here demonstrates that nitrile hydratase genes are present in multiple eukaryotic supergroups, suggesting that a subunit fusion gene was present in the last common ancestor of all eukaryotes. The absence of nitrile hydratase from several sequenced species indicates that subunits were lost in multiple eukaryotic taxa. The presence of nitrile hydratases in many other eukaryotic groups is unresolved due to insufficient data and taxon sampling. The retention and expression of the gene in distantly related eukaryotic species suggests that it plays an important metabolic role. The novel family of eukaryotic nitrile hydratases presented in this paper represents a promising candidate for research into their molecular biology and possible biotechnological applications.

Dataset Information

How does single oxygen atom addition affect the properties of an Fe-nitrile hydratase analogue? The compensatory role of the unmodified thiolate.

Publications

How does single oxygen atom addition affect the properties of an Fe-nitrile hydratase analogue? The compensatory role of the unmodified thiolate.

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