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Physical exercise induces rapid release of small extracellular vesicles into the circulation.

ABSTRACT: Cells secrete extracellular vesicles (EVs) by default and in response to diverse stimuli for the purpose of cell communication and tissue homeostasis. EVs are present in all body fluids including peripheral blood, and their appearance correlates with specific physiological and pathological conditions. Here, we show that physical activity is associated with the release of nano-sized EVs into the circulation. Healthy individuals were subjected to an incremental exercise protocol of cycling or running until exhaustion, and EVs were isolated from blood plasma samples taken before, immediately after and 90 min after exercise. Small EVs with the size of 100-130 nm, that carried proteins characteristic of exosomes, were significantly increased immediately after cycling exercise and declined again within 90 min at rest. In response to treadmill running, elevation of small EVs was moderate but appeared more sustained. To delineate EV release kinetics, plasma samples were additionally taken at the end of each increment of the cycling exercise protocol. Release of small EVs into the circulation was initiated in an early phase of exercise, before the individual anaerobic threshold, which is marked by the rise of lactate. Taken together, our study revealed that exercise triggers a rapid release of EVs with the characteristic size of exosomes into the circulation, initiated in the aerobic phase of exercise. We hypothesize that EVs released during physical activity may participate in cell communication during exercise-mediated adaptation processes that involve signalling across tissues and organs.

SUBMITTER: Fruhbeis C

PROVIDER: S-EPMC4491306 | biostudies-literature | 2015

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Physical exercise induces rapid release of small extracellular vesicles into the circulation.

Frühbeis Carsten C Helmig Susanne S Tug Suzan S Simon Perikles P Krämer-Albers Eva-Maria EM

Journal of extracellular vesicles 20150702

Cells secrete extracellular vesicles (EVs) by default and in response to diverse stimuli for the purpose of cell communication and tissue homeostasis. EVs are present in all body fluids including peripheral blood, and their appearance correlates with specific physiological and pathological conditions. Here, we show that physical activity is associated with the release of nano-sized EVs into the circulation. Healthy individuals were subjected to an incremental exercise protocol of cycling or runn ...[more]

PMID: 26142461

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Project description:Small extracellular vesicles (sEVs) are released from all cell types and participate in the intercellular exchange of proteins, lipids, metabolites and nucleic acids. Proteomic, flow cytometry and nanoparticle tracking analyses suggest sEVs are released into circulation with exercise. However, interpretation of these data may be influenced by sources of bias introduced by different analytical approaches. Seven healthy participants carried out a high intensity intermittent training (HIIT) cycle protocol consisting of 4 × 30 s at a work-rate corresponding to 200% of individual max power (watts) interspersed by 4.5 min of active recovery. EDTA-treated blood was collected before and immediately after the final effort. Platelet-poor (PPP) and platelet-free (PFP) plasma was derived by one or two centrifugal spins at 2500 g, respectively (15 min, room temperature). Platelets were counted on an automated haemocytometer. Plasma samples were assessed with the Exoview R100 platform, which immobilises sEVs expressing common tetraspanin markers CD9, CD63, CD81 and CD41a on microfluidic chips and with the aid of fluorescence imaging, counts their abundance at a single sEV resolution, importantly, without a pre-isolation step. There was a lower number of platelets in the PFP than PPP, which was associated with a lower number of CD9, CD63 and CD41a positive sEVs. HIIT induced an increase in fluorescence counts in CD9, CD63 and CD81 positive sEVs in both PPP and PFP. These data support the concept that sEVs are released into circulation with exercise. Furthermore, platelet-free plasma is the preferred, representative analyte to study sEV dynamics and phenotype during exercise. KEY POINTS: Small extracellular vesicles (sEV) are nano-sized particles containing protein, metabolites, lipid and RNA that can be transferred from cell to cell. Previous findings implicate that sEVs are released into circulation with exhaustive, aerobic exercise, but since there is no gold standard method to isolate sEVs, these findings may be subject to bias introduced by different approaches. Here, we use a novel method to immobilise and image sEVs, at single-vesicle resolution, to show sEVs are released into circulation with high intensity intermittent exercise. Since platelet depletion of plasma results in a reduction in sEVs, platelet-free plasma is the preferred analyte to examine sEV dynamics and phenotype in the context of exercise.

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Physical exercise induces rapid release of small extracellular vesicles into the circulation.

Publications

Physical exercise induces rapid release of small extracellular vesicles into the circulation.

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