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Vaccine Adjuvants in Fish Vaccines Make a Difference: Comparing Three Adjuvants (Montanide ISA763A Oil, CpG/Poly I:C Combo and VHSV Glycoprotein) Alone or in Combination Formulated with an Inactivated Whole Salmonid Alphavirus Antigen.

ABSTRACT: Most commercial vaccines offered to the aquaculture industry include inactivated antigens (Ag) formulated in oil adjuvants. Safety concerns are related to the use of oil adjuvants in multivalent vaccines for fish, since adverse side effects (e.g., adhesions) can appear. Therefore, there is a request for vaccine formulations for which protection will be maintained or improved, while the risk of side effects is reduced. Here, by using an inactivated salmonid alphavirus (SAV) as the test Ag, the combined use of two Toll-like receptor (TLR) ligand adjuvants, CpG oligonucleotides (ODNs) and poly I:C, as well as a genetic adjuvant consisting of a DNA plasmid vector expressing the viral haemorrhagic septicaemia virus (VHSV) glycoprotein (G) was explored. VHSV-G DNA vaccine was intramuscularly injected in combination with intraperitoneal injection of either SAV Ag alone or combined with the oil adjuvant, Montanide ISA763, or the CpG/polyI:C combo. Adjuvant formulations were evaluated for their ability to boost immune responses and induce protection against SAV in Atlantic salmon, following cohabitation challenge. It was observed that CpG/polyI:C-based formulations generated the highest neutralizing antibody titres (nAbs) before challenge, which endured post challenge. nAb responses for VHSV G-DNA- and oil-adjuvanted formulations were marginal compared to the CpG/poly I:C treatment. Interestingly, heat-inactivated sera showed reduced nAb titres compared to their non-heated counterparts, which suggests a role of complement-mediated neutralization against SAV. Consistently elevated levels of innate antiviral immune genes in the CpG/polyI:C injected groups suggested a role of IFN-mediated responses. Co-delivery of the VHSV-G DNA construct with either CpG/polyI:C or oil-adjuvanted SAV vaccine generated higher CD4 responses in head kidney at 48 h compared to injection of this vector or SAV Ag alone. The results demonstrate that a combination of pattern recognizing receptor (PRR) ligands, such as CpG/polyI:C, increases both adaptive and innate responses and represents a promising adjuvant strategy for enhancing the protection of future viral vaccines.

SUBMITTER: Thim HL

PROVIDER: S-EPMC4494258 | biostudies-literature | 2014 Mar

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Vaccine Adjuvants in Fish Vaccines Make a Difference: Comparing Three Adjuvants (Montanide ISA763A Oil, CpG/Poly I:C Combo and VHSV Glycoprotein) Alone or in Combination Formulated with an Inactivated Whole Salmonid Alphavirus Antigen.

Thim Hanna L HL Villoing Stéphane S McLoughlin Marian M Christie Karen Elina KE Grove Søren S Frost Petter P Jørgensen Jorunn B JB

Vaccines 20140325 2

Most commercial vaccines offered to the aquaculture industry include inactivated antigens (Ag) formulated in oil adjuvants. Safety concerns are related to the use of oil adjuvants in multivalent vaccines for fish, since adverse side effects (e.g., adhesions) can appear. Therefore, there is a request for vaccine formulations for which protection will be maintained or improved, while the risk of side effects is reduced. Here, by using an inactivated salmonid alphavirus (SAV) as the test Ag, the co ...[more]

PMID: 26344619

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Project description:BackgroundPancreas disease (PD) is a viral fish disease which in recent years has significantly affected Norwegian salmonid aquaculture. In Norway, the aetiological agent salmonid alphavirus (SAV) has been found to be represented by the subtype 3 only. SAV subtype 3 has in previous analyses been found to show a lower genetic divergence than the subtypes found to cause PD in Ireland and Scotland. The aim of this study was to evaluate the nucleotide (nt) and amino acid divergence and the phylogenetic relationship of 33 recent SAV subtype 3 sequences. The samples from which the sequences were obtained originated from both PD endemic and non-endemic regions in an attempt to investigate agent origin/spread. Multiple samples throughout the seawater production phase from several salmonid populations were included to investigate genetic variation during an outbreak. The analyses were mainly based on partial sequences from the E2 gene. For some samples, additional partial 6 K and nsP3 gene sequences were available.ResultsThe nucleotide divergence for all gene fragments ranged from total identity (0.0% divergence) to 0.45% (1103 nt fragment of E2), 1.11% (451 nt fragment of E2), 0.94% (6 K) and 0.28% (nsP3). This low nucleotide divergence corresponded well to previous reports on SAV 3 sequences; however the observed divergence for the short E2 fragment was higher than that previously reported. When compared to SAVH20/03 (AY604235), amino acid substitutions were detected in all assessed gene fragments however the in vivo significance of these on for example disease outbreak mortality could not be concluded on. The phylogenetic tree based on the 451 nt E2 fragment showed that the sequences divided into two clusters with low genetic divergence, representing only a single SAV subtype.ConclusionsThe analysed sequences represented two clusters of a single SAV subtype; however some of the observed sequence divergence was higher than that previously reported by other researchers. Larger scale, full length sequence analyses should be instigated to allow further phylogenetic and molecular epidemiology investigations of SAV subtype 3.

Project description:MicroRNAs (miRNAs) control multiple biological processes including the innate immune responses by negative post-transcriptional regulation of gene expression. As there were no studies on the role(s) of miRNAs in viral diseases in Atlantic salmon, we aimed to identify miRNAs responding to salmonid alphavirus (SAV) infection. Their expression were studied at different time points post infection with SAV isolates associated with different mortalities. Furthermore, the genome sequences of the identified miRNAs were analysed to reveal putative cis-regulatory elements, and, finally, their putative target genes were predicted.Twenty differentially expressed miRNAs (DE miRNAs) were identified. The expression of the majority of these increased post infection with maximum levels reached after the viral load were stabilized or decreasing. On the other hand, some miRNAs (e.g. the miRNA-21 family) showed decreased expression at the early time points post infection. There were significant differences in the temporal expression of individual miRNA associated with different SAV isolates. Target gene prediction in SAV responsive immune network genes showed that seventeen of the DE miRNAs could target 24 genes (e.g. IRF3, IRF7). Applying the Atlantic salmon transcriptome as input 28 more immune network genes were revealed as putative targets (e.g. IRF5, IRF4). The majority of the predicted target genes promote inflammatory response. The upstream sequences of the miRNA genes revealed a high density of cis-regulatory sequences known as binding sites for immune network transcription factors (TFs). A high expression in the late phase could therefore be due to increased transcription promoted by immune response activated TFs. Based on the in silico target predictions, we discuss their putative roles as early promotors or late inhibitors of inflammation. We propose that the differences in expressions associated with different SAV isolates could contribute to their differences in mortality rates.This study represents the first steps in exploring miRNAs important in viral-host interaction in Atlantic salmon. We identified several miRNAs responding to SAV infection. Some likely to prohibit harmful inflammation while other may promote an early immune response. Their predicted functions need to be validated and further studied in functional assays to fully understand their roles in immune homeostasis.

Dataset Information

Vaccine Adjuvants in Fish Vaccines Make a Difference: Comparing Three Adjuvants (Montanide ISA763A Oil, CpG/Poly I:C Combo and VHSV Glycoprotein) Alone or in Combination Formulated with an Inactivated Whole Salmonid Alphavirus Antigen.

Publications

Vaccine Adjuvants in Fish Vaccines Make a Difference: Comparing Three Adjuvants (Montanide ISA763A Oil, CpG/Poly I:C Combo and VHSV Glycoprotein) Alone or in Combination Formulated with an Inactivated Whole Salmonid Alphavirus Antigen.

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