Dataset Information

Expertise and decision-making in American football.

ABSTRACT: In American football, pass interference calls can be difficult to make, especially when the timing of contact between players is ambiguous. American football history contains many examples of controversial pass interference decisions, often with fans, players, and officials interpreting the same event differently. The current study sought to evaluate the influence of experience with concepts important for officiating decisions in American football on the probability (i.e., response criteria) of pass interference calls. We further investigated the extent to which such experience modulates perceptual biases that might influence the interpretation of such events. We hypothesized that observers with less experience with the American football concepts important for pass interference would make progressively more pass interference calls than more experienced observers, even when given an explicit description of the necessary criteria for a pass interference call. In a go/no-go experiment using photographs from American football games, three groups of participants with different levels of experience with American football (Football Naïve, Football Player, and Football Official) made pass interference calls for pictures depicting left-moving and right-moving events. More experience was associated with progressively and significantly fewer pass interference calls [F (2,48) = 10.4, p < 0.001], with Football Naïve participants making the most pass interference calls, and Football Officials the least. In addition, our data replicated a prior finding of spatial biases for interpreting left-moving images more harshly than identical right-moving images, but only in Football Players. These data suggest that experience with the concepts important for making a decision may influence the rate of decision-making, and may also play a role in susceptibility to spatial biases.

SUBMITTER: Woods AJ

PROVIDER: S-EPMC4499674 | biostudies-literature | 2015

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Expertise and decision-making in American football.

Woods Adam J AJ Kranjec Alexander A Lehet Matt M Chatterjee Anjan A

Frontiers in psychology 20150713

In American football, pass interference calls can be difficult to make, especially when the timing of contact between players is ambiguous. American football history contains many examples of controversial pass interference decisions, often with fans, players, and officials interpreting the same event differently. The current study sought to evaluate the influence of experience with concepts important for officiating decisions in American football on the probability (i.e., response criteria) of ...[more]

PMID: 26217294

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Project description:IntroductionThe inclusion of sport-specific constraints in resistance training promotes the development of player abilities in an integrated way, which maximises the effectiveness of player adaptations induced by training. Considering that perceptual-cognitive abilities play a fundamental role in football, decision making could be introduced to enhance the cognitive similarity of resistance tasks to sport actions. However, it is unknown how decision making as a constraint could affect the player during an elastic resistance task. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the effects of decision making of high-level female football players on movement variability and performance during an elastic band resistance task.MethodsTwenty-three high-level female football players performed the elastic resistance task with a ball, both as attackers and as defenders without decision making (NDM) and with decision making (DM). The movement variability was quantified using the sample entropy derived from the acceleration recorded with an accelerometer placed at the lower back of each player. The passing accuracy of the attacker was quantified using a scoring scale.ResultsResults revealed that adding decision making to an elastic resistance task increased the movement variability of the defender but did not affect the movement variability of the attacker. In contrast, the passing accuracy of the attacker was reduced. Overall, the attacker had a higher movement variability compared to the defender.DiscussionThese findings suggest that decision making, as a football-specific constraint, can enhance the potential of an elastic resistance task in training. This is due to the fact that it reduces control and regularity of movement for the defensive role player and increases technical difficulty for the attacking role player. Furthermore, these effects are beneficial, as they can promote the adaptive processes necessary to optimise the performance of the players.

Project description:Im Unterschied zur bisherigen Forschung über Fridays for Future, die sich vornehmlich mit der Genese, Mobilisierung und dem Framing der sozialen Bewegung beschäftigt, stehen deren interne Entscheidungsprozesse im Mittelpunkt des Aufsatzes: Wie werden Entscheidungen in der dezentral organisierten Bewegung getroffen und welche Faktoren haben dabei besonderen Einfluss? Auf Basis eines Mehrmethodendesigns, das sich Beobachtungen, Interviews und einer Online-Umfrage bedient, kommt die Studie zu drei Ergebnissen. Erstens bewegen sich Entscheidungsdynamiken insbesondere auf Bundesebene im Spannungsfeld zwischen basisdemokratischen Grundprinzipien auf der einen und dem Primat effizienter Prozesse auf der anderen Seite. Zweitens herrschen informelle Hierarchien innerhalb der verschiedenen Ebenen vor, die sowohl positiv als auch negativ von den Mitgliedern bewertet werden. Drittens nimmt der Einfluss auf Entscheidungen zu je erfahrener, kompetenter und besser vernetzt Aktivist:innen sind. Die Implikationen der Ergebnisse für anknüpfende Forschung im Bereich der Theorien der Sozialen Bewegungen sind zweierlei. Zum einen wird deutlich, dass eine Organisation wie Fridays for Future unabhängig der dezentralen Autonomie ihrer über 500 Ortsgruppen auch nach über drei Jahren seit ihrer Gründung entscheidungs- und mobilisierungsfähig geblieben ist. Im Vergleich zu anderen sozialen Bewegungen beweist Fridays for Future hinsichtlich ihres Wirkungsradius und ihrer Mitgliederstärke somit eine erstaunliche Resilienz. Zum anderen zeigen die Ergebnisse, dass es trotz einer beachtlichen Formalisierung und Differenzierung auf Seiten der Basis durchaus Unmut über Machtasymmetrien gegenüber den Entscheidungen auf Bundesebene gibt. Die Ergebnisse fußen auf einem Citizen-Science-Projekt, das etablierte Aktivist:innen der Bewegung mit Wissenschaftler:innen zusammenbrachte. Die Kooperation ermöglichte den exklusiven Zugang zu den Entscheidungsforen der Kernmitglieder. Zusatzmaterial online Zusätzliche Informationen sind in der Online-Version dieses Artikels (10.1007/s41358-023-00341-x) enthalten.

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Project description:ImportanceStudies of American-style football players have suggested lower overall mortality rates compared with general populations, but with possibly increased neurodegenerative mortality. However, comparisons with general populations can introduce bias. This study compared mortality between US National Football League (NFL) and US Major League Baseball (MLB) players, a more appropriate comparison group of professional athletes.ObjectiveTo compare all-cause and cause-specific mortality between NFL and MLB players.Design, setting, and participantsIn this retrospective cohort study, the setting was US mortality from January 1, 1979, through December 31, 2013. The dates of analysis were January 2016 to April 2019. Participants were 3419 NFL and 2708 MLB players with at least 5 playing seasons.ExposuresParticipation in the NFL compared with the MLB.Main outcomes and measuresVital status and causes of death from the National Death Index from 1979 through 2013 were obtained. Cox proportional hazards regression models using age as the timescale were used to calculate hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% CIs to examine all-cause and cause-specific mortality among NFL players compared with MLB players, adjusted for race and decade of birth.ResultsBy the end of follow-up, there were 517 deaths (mean [SD] age, 59.6 [13.2] years) in the NFL cohort and 431 deaths (mean [SD] age, 66.7 [12.3] years) in the MLB cohort. Cardiovascular and neurodegenerative conditions, respectively, were noted as underlying or contributing causes in 498 and 39 deaths in the NFL and 225 and 16 deaths in the MLB. Compared with MLB players, NFL players had significantly elevated rates of all-cause (HR, 1.26; 95% CI, 1.10-1.44), cardiovascular disease (HR, 2.40; 95% CI, 2.03-2.84), and neurodegenerative disease (HR, 2.99; 95% CI, 1.64-5.45) mortality. Comparing hypothetical populations of 1000 NFL and 1000 MLB players followed up to age 75 years, there would be an excess 21 all-cause deaths among NFL players, as well as 77 and 11 more deaths with underlying or contributing causes that included cardiovascular and neurodegenerative conditions, respectively.Conclusions and relevanceThis study found that NFL players had elevated all-cause, cardiovascular, and neurodegenerative mortality rates compared with MLB players, although the absolute number of excess neurodegenerative deaths was still small. Factors that vary across these sports (eg, body habitus and head trauma) as opposed to those common across sports (eg, physical activity) could underlie the differences.

Dataset Information

Expertise and decision-making in American football.

Publications

Expertise and decision-making in American football.

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