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Relationship between school dropout and teen pregnancy among rural South African young women.

ABSTRACT: Sexual activity may be less likely to occur during periods of school enrolment because of the structured and supervised environment provided, the education obtained and the safer peer networks encountered while enrolled. We examined whether school enrolment was associated with teen pregnancy in South Africa.Using longitudinal demographic surveillance data from the rural Agincourt sub-district, we reconstructed the school enrolment status from 2000 through 2011 for 15 457 young women aged 12-18 years and linked them to the estimated conception date for each pregnancy during this time. We examined the effect of time-varying school enrolment on teen pregnancy using a Cox proportional hazard model, adjusting for: age; calendar year; household socioeconomic status; household size; and gender, educational attainment and employment of household head. A secondary analysis compared the incidence of pregnancy among school enrolees by calendar time: school term vs school holiday.School enrolment was associated with lower teen pregnancy rates [adjusted hazard ratio (95% confidence interval): 0.57 (0.50, 0.65)].This association was robust to potential misclassification of school enrolment. For those enrolled in school, pregnancy occurred less commonly during school term than during school holidays [incidence rate ratio (95% confidence interval): 0.90 (0.78, 1.04)].Young women who drop out of school may be at higher risk for teen pregnancy and could likely benefit from receipt of accessible and high quality sexual health services. Preventive interventions designed to keep young women in school or addressing the underlying causes of dropout may also help reduce the incidence of teen pregnancy.

SUBMITTER: Rosenberg M

PROVIDER: S-EPMC4521125 | biostudies-literature | 2015 Jun

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Relationship between school dropout and teen pregnancy among rural South African young women.

Rosenberg Molly M Pettifor Audrey A Miller William C WC Thirumurthy Harsha H Emch Michael M Afolabi Sulaimon A SA Kahn Kathleen K Collinson Mark M Tollman Stephen S

International journal of epidemiology 20150224 3

<h4>Background</h4>Sexual activity may be less likely to occur during periods of school enrolment because of the structured and supervised environment provided, the education obtained and the safer peer networks encountered while enrolled. We examined whether school enrolment was associated with teen pregnancy in South Africa.<h4>Methods</h4>Using longitudinal demographic surveillance data from the rural Agincourt sub-district, we reconstructed the school enrolment status from 2000 through 2011 ...[more]

PMID: 25716986

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Project description:BackgroundSouth Africa has one of the highest rates of HIV-1 (HIV) infection world-wide, with the highest rates among young women. We analyzed the molecular epidemiology and evolutionary history of HIV in young women attending high school in rural South Africa.MethodsSamples were obtained from the HPTN 068 randomized controlled trial, which evaluated the effect of cash transfers for school attendance on HIV incidence in women aged 13-20 years (Mpumalanga province, 2011-2015). Plasma samples from HIV-infected participants were analyzed using the ViroSeq HIV-1 Genotyping assay. Phylogenetic analysis was performed using 200 pol gene study sequences and 2,294 subtype C reference sequences from South Africa. Transmission clusters were identified using Cluster Picker and HIV-TRACE, and were characterized using demographic and other epidemiological data. Phylodynamic analyses were performed using the BEAST software.ResultsThe study enrolled 2,533 young women who were followed through their expected high school graduation date (main study); some participants had a post-study assessment (follow-up study). Two-hundred-twelve of 2,533 enrolled young women had HIV infection. HIV pol sequences were obtained for 94% (n = 201/212) of the HIV-infected participants. All but one of the sequences were HIV-1 subtype C; the non-C subtype sequence was excluded from further analysis. Median pairwise genetic distance between the subtype C sequences was 6.4% (IQR: 5.6-7.2). Overall, 26% of study sequences fell into 21 phylogenetic clusters with 2-6 women per cluster. Thirteen (62%) clusters included women who were HIV-infected at enrollment. Clustering was not associated with study arm, demographic or other epidemiological factors. The estimated date of origin of HIV subtype C in the study population was 1958 (95% highest posterior density [HPD]: 1931-1980), and the median estimated substitution rate among study pol sequences was 1.98x10-3 (95% HPD: 1.15x10-3-2.81x10-3) per site per year.ConclusionsPhylogenetic analysis suggests that multiple HIV subtype C sublineages circulate among school age girls in South Africa. There were no substantive differences in the molecular epidemiology of HIV between control and intervention arms in the HPTN 068 trial.

Project description:Background:Studies of antiretroviral therapy (ART) use during pregnancy in HIV-infected women have suggested that ART exposure may be associated with adverse birth outcomes. However, there are few data from sub-Saharan Africa where HIV is most common, and few studies involving the World Health Organization's (WHO's) recommended first-line regimens. Methods:We enrolled consecutive HIV-infected pregnant women and a comparator cohort of uninfected women at a primary-level antenatal care facility in Cape Town, South Africa. Gestational assessment combined clinical history, examination and ultrasonography; outcomes included preterm (PTD), low birthweight (LBW) and small for gestational age (SGA) deliveries. In analysis we compared birth outcomes between HIV-infected and -uninfected women, and HIV-infected women who initiated ART before vs during pregnancy. Results:In 1554 women (mean age 29 years) with live singleton births at time of analysis, 82% were HIV-infected, 92% of whom received a first-line regimen of tenofovir, emtricitabine and efavirenz. Overall, higher levels of PTD [22% vs 13%; odds ratio (OR) 1.94, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.34, 2.82] and LBW (14% vs 9%; OR 1.62, 95% CI: 1.05, 2.29) were observed in HIV-infected vs uninfected women, although SGA deliveries were similar (9% vs 11%; OR 1.06, 95% CI: 0.71, 1.61). Adjusting for demographic characteristics and HIV disease measures, HIV-infected (vs HIV-uninfected) women had persistently increased odds of PTD [adjusted odds ratio (AOR) 2.03; CI 1.33, 3.10]; associations with LBW were attenuated (AOR 1.47; CI 0.90, 2.40). Among all HIV-infected women, there appeared to be no association between the timing of ART initiation (before or during pregnancy) and adverse birth outcomes. Conclusions:These findings suggest that current WHO-recommended ART regimens appear relatively safe in pregnancy, although more data are required to understand the aetiology of preterm delivery in HIV-infected women using ART.

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Relationship between school dropout and teen pregnancy among rural South African young women.

Publications

Relationship between school dropout and teen pregnancy among rural South African young women.

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