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Helminth infection reactivates latent ?-herpesvirus via cytokine competition at a viral promoter.

ABSTRACT: Mammals are coinfected by multiple pathogens that interact through unknown mechanisms. We found that helminth infection, characterized by the induction of the cytokine interleukin-4 (IL-4) and the activation of the transcription factor Stat6, reactivated murine ?-herpesvirus infection in vivo. IL-4 promoted viral replication and blocked the antiviral effects of interferon-? (IFN?) by inducing Stat6 binding to the promoter for an important viral transcriptional transactivator. IL-4 also reactivated human Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus from latency in cultured cells. Exogenous IL-4 plus blockade of IFN? reactivated latent murine ?-herpesvirus infection in vivo, suggesting a "two-signal" model for viral reactivation. Thus, chronic herpesvirus infection, a component of the mammalian virome, is regulated by the counterpoised actions of multiple cytokines on viral promoters that have evolved to sense host immune status.

SUBMITTER: Reese TA

PROVIDER: S-EPMC4531374 | biostudies-literature | 2014 Aug

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Helminth infection reactivates latent γ-herpesvirus via cytokine competition at a viral promoter.

Reese T A TA Wakeman B S BS Choi H S HS Hufford M M MM Huang S C SC Zhang X X Buck M D MD Jezewski A A Kambal A A Liu C Y CY Goel G G Murray P J PJ Xavier R J RJ Kaplan M H MH Renne R R Speck S H SH Artyomov M N MN Pearce E J EJ Virgin H W HW

Science (New York, N.Y.) 20140626 6196

Mammals are coinfected by multiple pathogens that interact through unknown mechanisms. We found that helminth infection, characterized by the induction of the cytokine interleukin-4 (IL-4) and the activation of the transcription factor Stat6, reactivated murine γ-herpesvirus infection in vivo. IL-4 promoted viral replication and blocked the antiviral effects of interferon-γ (IFNγ) by inducing Stat6 binding to the promoter for an important viral transcriptional transactivator. IL-4 also reactivat ...[more]

PMID: 24968940

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Project description:BackgroundSoil-transmitted helminths (STHs) and humans share long co-evolutionary histories over which STHs have evolved strategies to permit their persistence by downregulating host immunity. Understanding the interactions between STHs and other pathogens can inform our understanding of human evolution and contemporary disease patterns.MethodologyWe worked with Tsimane forager-horticulturalists in the Bolivian Amazon, where STHs are prevalent. We tested whether STHs and eosinophil levels-likely indicative of infection in this population-are associated with dampened immune responses to in vitro stimulation with H1N1 and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) antigens. Whole blood samples (n = 179) were treated with H1N1 vaccine and LPS and assayed for 13 cytokines (INF-γ, IL-1β, IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-7, IL-8, IL-10, IL-12p70, IL-13, GM-CSF and TNF-ɑ). We evaluated how STHs and eosinophil levels affected cytokine responses and T helper (Th) 1 and Th2-cytokine suite responses to stimulation.ResultsInfection with Ascaris lumbricoides was significantly (P ≤ 0.05) associated with lower response of some cytokines to H1N1 and LPS in women. Eosinophils were significantly negatively associated with some cytokine responses to H1N1 and LPS, with the strongest effects in women, and associated with a reduced Th1- and Th2-cytokine response to H1N1 and LPS in women and men.Conclusions and implicationsConsistent with the 'old friends' and hygiene hypotheses, we find that STHs were associated with dampened cytokine responses to certain viral and bacterial antigens. This suggests that STH infections may play an essential role in immune response regulation and that the lack of STH immune priming in industrialized populations may increase the risk of over-reactive immunity. Lay Summary: Indicators of helminth infection were associated with dampened cytokine immune responses to in vitro stimulation with viral and bacterial antigens in Tsimane forager-horticulturalists in the Bolivian Amazon, consistent with the 'old friends' and hygiene hypotheses.

Dataset Information

Helminth infection reactivates latent ?-herpesvirus via cytokine competition at a viral promoter.

Publications

Helminth infection reactivates latent γ-herpesvirus via cytokine competition at a viral promoter.

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