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The Principal Components of Adult Female Insole Shape Align Closely with Two of Its Classic Indicators.

ABSTRACT: The plantar surface of the human foot transmits the weight and dynamic force of the owner's lower limbs to the ground and the reaction forces back to the musculoskeletal system. Its anatomical variation is intensely studied in such fields as sports medicine and orthopedic dysmorphology. Yet, strangely, the shape of the insole that accommodates this surface and elastically buffers these forces is neither an aspect of the conventional anthropometrics of feet nor an informative label on the packet that markets supplementary insoles. In this paper we pursue an earlier suggestion that insole form in vertical view be quantified in terms of the shape of the foot not at the plane of support (the "footprint") but some two millimeters above that level. Using such sections extracted from laser scans of 158 feet of adult women from the University of Zagreb, in conjunction with an appropriate modification of today's standard geometric morphometrics (GMM), we find that the sectioned form can be described by its size together with two meaningful relative warps of shape. The pattern of this shape variation is not novel. It is closely aligned with two of the standard footprint measurements, the Chippaux-Šmi?ák arch index and the Clarke arch angle, whose geometrical foci (the former in the ball of the foot, the latter in the arch) it apparently combines. Thus a strong contemporary analysis complements but does not supplant the simpler anthropometric analyses of half a century ago, with implications for applied anthropology.

SUBMITTER: Bookstein FL

PROVIDER: S-EPMC4550427 | biostudies-literature | 2015

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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The Principal Components of Adult Female Insole Shape Align Closely with Two of Its Classic Indicators.

Bookstein Fred L FL Domjanic Jacqueline J

PloS one 20150826 8

The plantar surface of the human foot transmits the weight and dynamic force of the owner's lower limbs to the ground and the reaction forces back to the musculoskeletal system. Its anatomical variation is intensely studied in such fields as sports medicine and orthopedic dysmorphology. Yet, strangely, the shape of the insole that accommodates this surface and elastically buffers these forces is neither an aspect of the conventional anthropometrics of feet nor an informative label on the packet ...[more]

PMID: 26308442

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Project description:To decipher gene regulatory networks, we used systematic suppression of 97 transcription factors (TFs) and 7 other genes with shRNA in mouse embryonic stem (ES) cells, followed by global gene expression profiling. Meta-analysis of these data together with the earlier data obtained by the induction of 50 TFs and the existing genome-wide data on TF binding sites identified the sets of regulated target genes for 23 TFs. Principal component analysis shows different roles of two groups of TFs that are active in ES cells: Pou5f1 and Sox2 support the expression of their target genes and prevent the upregulation of trophectoderm-related genes, whereas Esrrb, Sall4, Nanog, Gbx2, Grhl2, Mtf2, Aff1, Tcfap4, and Cdc5l support the expression of targets of Esrrb, including glycolysis genes, and prevent upregulation of targets of Trp53 and Polycomb TFs. If TFs from the second group are downregulated while Pou5f1 and Sox2 are still active, then the cell state changes towards epiblast lineages. Sequences for shRNA were designed to target 3 untranslated region of genes (Supplementary Table S8). Gene expression change was checked with real time qPCR (Supplementary Figure S7) and Westerm blot. ES cells (ES[MC1R(20)], passage 20) were cultured without feeders and were co-transfected with 1.6 g of shRNA expression vector and 0.4 g of pPyCAG-EGFP-IP carrying expression cassettes for puromycin resistant genes and EGFP using Effectene (Qiagen). Transfected cells were cultured in presence of 1.5 g/ml of puromycin and were harvested at 72 h after transfection. Mock cells were treated with transfection reagent without DNA and cultured in the absence of puromycin. Experiments were done in 3 replications with 2 of them used for gene expression profiling with microarrays. Total RNA was isolated by TRIzol (Invitrogen) after 2 days. Cy3-CTP labeled sample targets were prepared with total RNA by Low RNA Input Fluorescent Linear Amplification Kit (Agilent). Cy5-CTP labeled reference target was Stratagene Universal Mouse Reference RNA. Note that the processed data in the paper, which is also attached as GSE26520_Table_data.txt.gz, is slightly different from the values columns in each sample. The original processed data are normalized with a batch method, as the new batches of arrays added in the set. The value columns in this submission reflect full normalization as described in the data processing fields in each sample.

Project description:BackgroundDivergent selection has been shown to promote speciation in many taxa and especially in phytophagous insects. In the Ostrinia species complex, the European corn borer (ECB) and adzuki bean borer (ABB) are two sibling species specialized to different host plants. The first is a well-known maize pest, whereas the second is a polyphagous species associated with various dicotyledons. Their specialization to host plants is driven by morphological, behavioral and physiological adaptations. In particular, previous studies have shown that ECB and ABB display marked behavior with regard to plant choice during oviposition, involving specific preference and avoidance mechanisms. In this study, our goal was to identify the mechanisms underlying this host-plant specialization in adult females through an analysis of their gene expression. We assembled and annotated a de novo reference transcriptome and measured differences in gene expression between ECB and ABB females, and between environments. We related differentially expressed genes to host preference behavior, and highlighted the functional categories involved. We also conducted a specific analysis of chemosensory genes, which are considered to be good candidates for host recognition before oviposition.ResultsWe recorded more differentially expressed genes in ECB than in ABB samples, and noticed that the majority of genes potentially involved in the host preference were different between the two species. At the functional level, the response to plant environment in adult females involved many processes, including the metabolism of carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and amino acids; detoxification mechanisms and immunity; and the chemosensory repertoire (as expected). Until now, most of the olfactory receptors described in Ostrinia spp. had been tested for their putative role in pheromone recognition by males. Here we observed that one specific olfactory receptor was clearly associated with ECB's discrimination between maize and mugwort conditions, highlighting a potential new candidate involved in plant odor discrimination in adult females.ConclusionsOur results are a first step toward the identification of candidate genes and functions involved in chemosensory processes, carbohydrate metabolism, and virus and retrovirus dynamics. These candidates provide new avenues for research into understanding the role of divergent selection between different environments in species diversification.

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The Principal Components of Adult Female Insole Shape Align Closely with Two of Its Classic Indicators.

Publications

The Principal Components of Adult Female Insole Shape Align Closely with Two of Its Classic Indicators.

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