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Crystal structure of l-tryptophan-fumaric acid-water (1/1/1).

ABSTRACT: In the title compound, C11H12N2O2·C4H4O4·H2O, the l-tryp-to-phan mol-ecule crystallized as a zwitterion, together with a neutral fumaric acid mol-ecule and a water solvent mol-ecule. In the crystal, the three components are linked by a series of N-H?O, O-H?O and C-H?O hydrogen bonds, forming slabs lying parallel to (001). The slabs are connected by O-H?O hydrogen bonds, involving inversion-related fumaric acid groups, leading to the formation of a three-dimensional structure.

SUBMITTER: Caroline ML

PROVIDER: S-EPMC4555439 | biostudies-literature | 2015 Sep

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Crystal structure of l-tryptophan-fumaric acid-water (1/1/1).

Caroline M Lydia ML Kumaresan S S Aravindan P G PG Mohamed M Peer MP Mani G G

Acta crystallographica. Section E, Crystallographic communications 20150815 Pt 9

In the title compound, C11H12N2O2·C4H4O4·H2O, the l-tryp-to-phan mol-ecule crystallized as a zwitterion, together with a neutral fumaric acid mol-ecule and a water solvent mol-ecule. In the crystal, the three components are linked by a series of N-H⋯O, O-H⋯O and C-H⋯O hydrogen bonds, forming slabs lying parallel to (001). The slabs are connected by O-H⋯O hydrogen bonds, involving inversion-related fumaric acid groups, leading to the formation of a three-dimensional structure. ...[more]

PMID: 26396891

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Project description:ObjectiveTo test the hypothesis that dimethyl fumarate (DMF, Tecfidera) elicits different biological changes from DMF combined with monoethyl fumarate (MEF) (Fumaderm, a psoriasis therapy), we investigated DMF and MEF in rodents and cynomolgus monkeys. Possible translatability of findings was explored with lymphocyte counts from a retrospective cohort of patients with MS.MethodsIn rodents, we evaluated pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic effects induced by DMF and MEF monotherapies or in combination (DMF/MEF). Clinical implications were investigated in a retrospective, observational analysis of patients with MS treated with DMF/MEF (n = 36).ResultsIn rodents and cynomolgus monkeys, monomethyl fumarate (MMF, the primary metabolite of DMF) exhibited higher brain penetration, whereas MEF was preferentially partitioned into the kidney. In mice, transcriptional profiling for DMF and MEF alone identified both common and distinct pharmacodynamic responses, with almost no overlap between DMF- and MEF-induced differentially expressed gene profiles in immune tissues. The nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 (Nrf2)-mediated oxidative stress response pathway was exclusively regulated by DMF, whereas apoptosis pathways were activated by MEF. DMF/MEF treatment demonstrated that DMF and MEF functionally interact to modify DMF- and MEF-specific responses in unpredictable ways. In patients with MS, DMF/MEF treatment led to early and pronounced suppression of lymphocytes, predominantly CD8+ T cells. In a multivariate regression analysis, the absolute lymphocyte count (ALC) was associated with age at therapy start, baseline ALC, and DMF/MEF dosage but not with previous immunosuppressive medication and sex. Furthermore, the ALC increased in a small cohort of patients with MS (n = 6/7) after switching from DMF/MEF to DMF monotherapy.ConclusionsFumaric acid esters exhibit different biodistribution and may elicit different biological responses; furthermore, pharmacodynamic effects of combinations differ unpredictably from monotherapy. The strong potential to induce lymphopenia in patients with MS may be a result of activation of apoptosis pathways by MEF compared with DMF.

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Crystal structure of l-tryptophan-fumaric acid-water (1/1/1).

Publications

Crystal structure of l-tryptophan-fumaric acid-water (1/1/1).

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