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Aligned multilayered electrospun scaffolds for rotator cuff tendon tissue engineering.

ABSTRACT: The rotator cuff consists of several tendons and muscles that provide stability and force transmission in the shoulder joint. Whereas most rotator cuff tears are amenable to suture repair, the overall success rate of repair is low, and massive tears are prone to re-tear. Extracellular matrix (ECM) patches are used to augment suture repair, but they have limitations. Tissue-engineered approaches provide a promising solution for massive rotator cuff tears. Previous studies have shown that, compared to nonaligned scaffolds, aligned electrospun polymer scaffolds exhibit greater anisotropy and exert a greater tenogenic effect. Nevertheless, achieving rapid cell infiltration through the full thickness of the scaffold is challenging, and scaling to a translationally relevant size may be difficult. Our goal was to evaluate whether a novel method of alignment, combining a multilayered electrospinning technique with a hybrid of several electrospinning alignment techniques, would permit cell infiltration and collagen deposition through the thickness of poly(?-caprolactone) scaffolds following seeding with human adipose-derived stem cells. Furthermore, we evaluated whether multilayered aligned scaffolds enhanced collagen alignment, tendon-related gene expression, and mechanical properties compared to multilayered nonaligned scaffolds. Both aligned and nonaligned multilayered scaffolds demonstrated cell infiltration and ECM deposition through the full thickness of the scaffold after only 28days of culture. Aligned scaffolds displayed significantly increased expression of tenomodulin compared to nonaligned scaffolds and exhibited aligned collagen fibrils throughout the full thickness, the presence of which may account for the increased yield stress and Young's modulus of cell-seeded aligned scaffolds along the axis of fiber alignment.Rotator cuff tears are an important clinical problem in the shoulder, with over 300,000 surgical repairs performed annually. Re-tear rates may be high, and current methods used to augment surgical repair have limited evidence to support their clinical use due to inadequate initial mechanical properties and slow cellular infiltration. Tissue engineering approaches such as electrospinning have shown similar challenges in previous studies. In this study, a novel technique to align electrospun fibers while using a multilayered approach demonstrated increased mechanical properties and development of aligned collagen through the full thickness of the scaffolds compared to nonaligned multilayered scaffolds, and both types of scaffolds demonstrated rapid cell infiltration through the full thickness of the scaffold.

SUBMITTER: Orr SB

PROVIDER: S-EPMC4560626 | biostudies-literature | 2015 Sep

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Aligned multilayered electrospun scaffolds for rotator cuff tendon tissue engineering.

Orr Steven B SB Chainani Abby A Hippensteel Kirk J KJ Kishan Alysha A Gilchrist Christopher C Garrigues N William NW Ruch David S DS Guilak Farshid F Little Dianne D

Acta biomaterialia 20150614

The rotator cuff consists of several tendons and muscles that provide stability and force transmission in the shoulder joint. Whereas most rotator cuff tears are amenable to suture repair, the overall success rate of repair is low, and massive tears are prone to re-tear. Extracellular matrix (ECM) patches are used to augment suture repair, but they have limitations. Tissue-engineered approaches provide a promising solution for massive rotator cuff tears. Previous studies have shown that, compare ...[more]

PMID: 26079676

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Project description:Various biomaterial technologies are promising for tissue engineering, including electrospinning, but commercial scale-up of throughput is difficult. The goal of the study was to evaluate meltblown fabrics as candidate scaffolds for rotator cuff tendon tissue engineering. Meltblown poly(lactic acid) fabrics were produced with several polymer crystallinities and airflow velocities [500(low), 900(medium) or 1400(high) m3air/h/m fabric]. Fiber diameter, alignment, and baseline bidirectional tensile mechanical properties were evaluated. Attachment and spreading of human adipose-derived stem cells (hASCs) were evaluated over 3 days immediately following seeding. After initial screening, the fabric with the greatest Young's modulus and yield stress was selected for 28-day in vitro culture and for evaluation of tendon-like extracellular matrix production and development of mechanical properties. As expected, airflow velocity of the polymer during meltblowing demonstrated an inverse relationship with fiber diameter. All fabrics exhibited fiber alignment parallel to the direction of collector rotation. All fabrics demonstrated mechanical anisotropy at baseline. Cells attached, proliferated, and spread on all fabrics over the initial three-day culture period. Consistent with the observed loss of integrity of the unseeded biomaterial, hASC-seeded scaffolds demonstrated a significant decrease in Young's modulus over 28 days of culture. However, dsDNA, sulfated glycosaminoglycan, and collagen content increased significantly over 28 days. Histology and polarized light microscopy demonstrated collagen deposition and alignment throughout the thickness of the scaffolds. While fiber diameters approximated an order of magnitude greater than those previously reported for electrospun scaffolds intended for tendon tissue engineering, they were still within the range of collagen fiber diameters found in healthy tendon. The extent of matrix production and alignment was similar to that previously observed for multilayered electrospun scaffolds. While the Young's modulus of scaffolds after 28 days of culture was lower than native rotator cuff tendon, it approximated that reported previously following culture of electrospun scaffolds and was on the same order of magnitude as of current Food and Drug Administration-approved patches for rotator cuff augmentation. Together, these data suggest that with minor polymer and parameter modifications, meltblown scaffolds could provide an economical, high-throughput production alternative method to electrospinning for use in rotator cuff tendon tissue engineering.

Project description:Tendon disorders are common medical conditions that could lead to significant disability, pain, healthcare costs, and a loss of productivity. Traditional approaches require long periods of treatment, and they largely fail due to the tissues weakening and the postoperative alterations of the normal joint mechanics. To overcome these limitations, innovative strategies for the treatment of these injuries need to be explored. The aim of the present work was the design of nano-fibrous scaffolds based on poly(butyl cyanoacrylate) (PBCA), a well-known biodegradable and biocompatible synthetic polymer, doped with copper oxide nanoparticles and caseinphosphopeptides (CPP), able to mimic the hierarchical structure of the tendon and to improve the tissue healing potential. These were developed as implants to be sutured to reconstruct the tendons and the ligaments during surgery. PBCA was synthetized, and then electrospun to produce aligned nanofibers. The obtained scaffolds were characterized for their structure and physico-chemical and mechanical properties, highlighting that CuO and CPP loading, and the aligned conformation determined an increase in the scaffold mechanical performance. Furthermore, the scaffolds loaded with CuO showed antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. Moreover, human tenocytes adhesion and proliferation to the scaffolds were assessed in vitro. Finally, the antibacterial activity of the scaffolds was evaluated using Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus as representative of Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria, respectively, demonstrating that the CuO-doped scaffolds possessed a significant antimicrobial effect against E. coli. In conclusion, scaffolds based on PBCA and doped with CuO and CPP deserve particular attention as enhancers of the tendon tissue regeneration and able to avoid bacterial adhesion. Further investigation on the scaffold efficacy in vivo will assess their capability for enhancing the tendon ECM restoration in view of accelerating their translation to the clinic.

Project description:Regeneration of injured tendon and ligament (T&L) remains a clinical challenge due to their poor intrinsic healing capacity. Tissue engineering provides a promising alternative treatment approach to facilitate T&L healing and regeneration. Successful tendon tissue engineering requires the use of three-dimensional (3D) biomimetic scaffolds that possess the physical and biochemical features of native tendon tissue. We report here the development and characterization of a novel composite scaffold fabricated by co-electrospinning of poly-?-caprolactone (PCL) and methacrylated gelatin (mGLT). We found that photocrosslinking retained mGLT, resulted in a uniform distribution of mGLT throughout the depth of scaffold and also preserved scaffold mechanical strength. Moreover, photocrosslinking was able to integrate stacked scaffold sheets to form multilayered constructs that mimic the structure of native tendon tissues. Importantly, cells impregnated into the constructs remained responsive to topographical cues and exogenous tenogenic factors, such as TGF-?3. The excellent biocompatibility and highly integrated structure of the scaffold developed in this study will allow the creation of a more advanced tendon graft that possesses the architecture and cell phenotype of native tendon tissues.The clinical challenges in tendon repair have spurred the development of tendon tissue engineering approaches to create functional tissue replacements. In this study, we have developed a novel composite scaffold as a tendon graft consisting of aligned poly-?-caprolactone (PCL) microfibers and methacrylated gelatin (mGLT). Cell seeding and photocrosslinking between scaffold layers can be performed simultaneously to create cell impregnated multilayered constructs. This cell-scaffold construct combines the advantages of PCL nanofibrous scaffolds and photocrosslinked gelatin hydrogels to mimic the structure, mechanical anisotropy, and cell phenotype of native tendon tissue. The scaffold engineered here as a building block for multilayer constructs should have applications beyond tendon tissue engineering in the fabrication of tissue grafts that consist of both fibrous and hydrogel components.

Dataset Information

Aligned multilayered electrospun scaffolds for rotator cuff tendon tissue engineering.

Publications

Aligned multilayered electrospun scaffolds for rotator cuff tendon tissue engineering.

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