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Shared and unique responses of plants to multiple individual stresses and stress combinations: physiological and molecular mechanisms.

ABSTRACT: In field conditions, plants are often simultaneously exposed to multiple biotic and abiotic stresses resulting in substantial yield loss. Plants have evolved various physiological and molecular adaptations to protect themselves under stress combinations. Emerging evidences suggest that plant responses to a combination of stresses are unique from individual stress responses. In addition, plants exhibit shared responses which are common to individual stresses and stress combination. In this review, we provide an update on the current understanding of both unique and shared responses. Specific focus of this review is on heat-drought stress as a major abiotic stress combination and, drought-pathogen and heat-pathogen as examples of abiotic-biotic stress combinations. We also comprehend the current understanding of molecular mechanisms of cross talk in relation to shared and unique molecular responses for plant survival under stress combinations. Thus, the knowledge of shared responses of plants from individual stress studies and stress combinations can be utilized to develop varieties with broad spectrum stress tolerance.

SUBMITTER: Pandey P

PROVIDER: S-EPMC4584981 | biostudies-literature |

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Project description:Abstract. Akabare chili (Capsicum annuum) contributes to Nepalese rural livelihoods but suffers from low productivity due to various abiotic stresses including drought and heat. This study aimed to assess the physiological responses of Akabare chili landraces to heat and drought stress, individually and together, and to identify stress-tolerant genotypes in the early vegetative stage. Selected eight Akabare chili landraces and chili variety 'Jwala' were subjected to control (30/22 °C day/night) and heat stress (40/32 °C) conditions with irrigation, and drought stress (30/22 °C) and combined drought-heat stress conditions without irrigation for 7 days, followed by a 5-day recovery under control condition. Stress-tolerant landraces showed better performance compared to sensitive ones in terms of efficacy of PS II (Fv/Fm), transpiration rate (E), net photosynthetic rate (PN), stomatal conductance (gs), leaf temperature depression, water use efficiency (WUE) and the ratio of stomata pore area to stomata area under stress conditions, resulting in improved biomass. Although all genotypes performed statistically similar under control conditions, their responses Fv/Fm, PN, E, gs and WUE were significantly reduced under thermal stress, further reduced under drought stress, and severely declined under the combination of both. Total biomass exhibited a 57.48 % reduction due to combined stress, followed by drought (37.8 %) and heat (21.4 %) compared to the control. Among the landraces, C44 showed the most significant gain in biomass (35 %), followed by DKT77 (33.48 %), while the lowest gain percentage was observed for C64C and PPR77 during the recovery phase (29 %). The tolerant landraces also showed a higher percentage of leaf cooling, chlorophyll content and leaf relative water content with fewer stomata but broader openings of pores. The study identifies potential stress-tolerant Akabare chili landraces and discusses the stress-tolerant physiological mechanisms to develop resilient crop varieties in changing climates.

Project description:To better understand the mechanism of salt tolerance, we analyzed cotton growth and the ionomes in different tissues under different types of salt-alkali stress. Cotton was exposed to the soil salt and alkali stresses, NaCl, Na2SO4, and Na2CO3 + NaHCO3, in a pot study. Salt and alkali stress significantly inhibited cotton growth, significantly reduced root length, surface area, and volume, and significantly increased relative electrical conductivity (REC) and malondialdehyde (MDA) content but also significantly increased antioxidant enzyme activities, and proline (Pro) content. The REC in leaves was higher under salt stress than under alkali stress, but the effects on Pro were in the order Na2CO3 + NaHCO3 > NaCl > Na2SO4. Principal component analysis showed a significant difference in ion composition under the different types of salt-alkali stress. Under the three types of salt-alkali stress, concentrations of Na and Mo increased significantly in different organs of cotton plants. Under NaCl stress, the absorption of Ca was inhibited, the transport capacity of P, Mg, and Cu was reduced, and the ion balance was maintained by promoting the uptake and transport of Zn, Mn, Al, and Mo. Under Na2SO4 stress, the absorption of P and Ca was inhibited, the transport capacity of Mg, B, and Cu was reduced, and the ion balance was maintained by promoting the uptake and transport of S, Zn, Fe, Mo, Al, and Co. Under Na2CO3 + NaHCO3 stress, the absorption of P and S was inhibited, the transport capacity of Mg and B was reduced, but that of Al and Fe increased, and the ion balance was maintained by promoting the uptake and transport of Mn, Mo, Ni, and Co. The relative expression of GhSOS1 and GhNHX1 in leaves increased significantly under salt stress but decreased under alkali stress. These results suggest that cotton is well-adapted to salt-alkali stress via the antioxidant enzyme system, adjustment of osmotic substances, and reconstruction of ionic equilibrium; neutral salt stress primarily disrupts the ion balance, whereas alkali stress decreases the ability to regulate Na and inhibits the absorption of mineral elements, as well as disrupts the ion balance; and the changes in the expression of salt tolerance-related genes may partially explain the accumulation of Na ions in cotton under salt-alkali stress.

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Shared and unique responses of plants to multiple individual stresses and stress combinations: physiological and molecular mechanisms.

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