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Simian malaria in wild macaques: first report from Hulu Selangor district, Selangor, Malaysia.

ABSTRACT: BACKGROUND:Malaria is a vector-borne parasitic disease which is prevalent in many developing countries. Recently, it has been found that Plasmodium knowlesi, a simian malaria parasite can be life-threatening to humans. Long-tailed macaques, which are widely distributed in Malaysia, are the natural hosts for simian malaria, including P. knowlesi. The aim of the present study was to determine the prevalence of simian malaria parasites in long-tailed macaques in the district of Hulu Selangor, Selangor, Malaysia. METHODS:A total of 70 blood samples were collected from Macaca fascicularis dwelling in the forest of Hulu Selangor by the Department of Wildlife and National Parks Peninsular Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. DNA was extracted using PureLink™ Genomic DNA Kits. Conventional and nested PCR were used to detect the genus and species of Plasmodium parasites respectively. In addition, phylogenetic analysis was carried out to confirm the species of Plasmodium parasites. RESULTS:Thirty-five (50 %) of the 70 samples were positive for Plasmodium using genus-specific primers. These positive samples were then subjected to nested PCR targeting the 18S ribosomal RNA genes to detect all five simian malaria parasites: namely, P. knowlesi, Plasmodium inui, Plasmodium cynomolgi, Plasmodium fieldi, and Plasmodium coatneyi. All five species of simian malaria parasites were detected. Of these, P. inui was the predominant (65.7 %), followed by P. knowlesi (60 %), P. cynomolgi (51.4 %) P. coatneyi (45.7 %) and P. fieldi (2.9 %). A total of nine macaques had mono-infection with P. knowlesi (four), P. cynomolgi (two), P. coatneyi (two) and P. fieldi (one). Eleven of the macaques had dual infections while 12 had triple infections. Three macaques were infected with four species of Plasmodium. Molecular and phylogenetic analysis confirmed the five species of Plasmodium parasites. CONCLUSION:This study has provided evidence to elucidate the presence of transmission of malaria parasites among the local macaques in Hulu Selangor. Since malaria is a zoonosis, it is important to determine the new control strategies for the control of malaria.

SUBMITTER: Akter R

PROVIDER: S-EPMC4595055 | biostudies-literature | 2015 Oct

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Simian malaria in wild macaques: first report from Hulu Selangor district, Selangor, Malaysia.

Akter Rumana R Vythilingam Indra I Khaw Loke Tim LT Qvist Rajes R Lim Yvonne Ai-Lian YA Sitam Frankie Thomas FT Venugopalan Balan B Sekaran Shamala Devi SD

Malaria journal 20151005

<h4>Background</h4>Malaria is a vector-borne parasitic disease which is prevalent in many developing countries. Recently, it has been found that Plasmodium knowlesi, a simian malaria parasite can be life-threatening to humans. Long-tailed macaques, which are widely distributed in Malaysia, are the natural hosts for simian malaria, including P. knowlesi. The aim of the present study was to determine the prevalence of simian malaria parasites in long-tailed macaques in the district of Hulu Selango ...[more]

PMID: 26437652

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Project description:BackgroundWhile transmission of the human Plasmodium species has declined, a significant increase in Plasmodium knowlesi/Plasmodium malariae cases was reported in Hulu Selangor, Selangor, Malaysia. Thus, a study was undertaken to determine the epidemiology and the vectors involved in the transmission of knowlesi malaria.MethodsCases of knowlesi/malariae malaria in the Hulu Selangor district were retrospectively reviewed and analyzed from 2009 to 2013. Mosquitoes were collected from areas where cases occurred in order to determine the vectors. Leucosphyrus group of mosquitoes were genetically characterized targeting the nuclear internal transcribed spacer 2 (ITS2) and mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (CO1). In addition, temporal and spatial analyses were carried out for human cases and vectors.ResultsOf the 100 microscopy diagnosed P. knowlesi/P. malariae cases over the 5 year period in the Hulu Selangor district, there was predominance of P. knowlesi/P. malariae cases among the young adults (ages 20-39 years; 67 cases; 67%). The majority of the infected people were involved in occupations related to agriculture and forestry (51; 51%). No death was recorded in all these cases.Five hundred and thirty five mosquitoes belonging to 14 species were obtained during the study. Anopheles maculatus was the predominant species (49.5%) followed by Anopheles letifer (13.1%) and Anopheles introlatus (11.6%). Molecular and phylogenetic analysis confirmed the species of the Leucosphyrus group to be An. introlatus. In the present study, only An. introlatus was positive for oocysts. Kernel Density analysis showed that P. knowlesi hotspot areas overlapped with areas where the infected An. introlatus was discovered. This further strengthens the hypothesis that An. introlatusis is the vector for P. knowlesi in the Hulu Selangor district.Unless more information is obtained on the vectors as well as macaque involved in the transmission, it will be difficult to plan effective control strategies. The utilization of modern analytical tools such as GIS (Geographic Information System) is crucial in estimating hotspot areas for targeted control strategies.ConclusionsAnopheles introlatus has been incriminated as vector of P. knowlesi in Hulu Selangor. The cases of P. knowlesi are on the increase and further research using molecular techniques is needed.

Project description:Rodent species, such as Rattus rattus diardii and Rattus norvegicus are invasive species of wild rats that serve as potential reservoirs of important human's pathogens. Parasitic zoonosis accounts for over 60% of all human infectious diseases worldwide. This situation arises from the recent changes in the global climate and ecosystem composition, which led to the spread of rodents and rodent-borne pathogens globally. The aim of this study was to determine the occurrence of rodent's parasites and their zoonotic potentials in some selected areas in UPM. Rodents were captured using live-traps and euthanised for helminths and protozoan recovery. Intestinal parasites were detected and identified from stool samples using formalin ethyl-acetate concentration technique (FECT), while tissue parasites were identified by histopathological examination of selected tissue sections of the liver, brain, lungs, and muscle. In this study, a total of 89 wild rats were captured. Twelve species of intestinal and tissue parasites were recorded, of which, Taenia taeniaeformis accounts for the highest infection recorded (28%) followed by Hymenolepis nana (19.5%) and Capillaria hepatica (19.1%), while Toxoplasma gondii was the least parasite (6.7%) identified. Furthermore, other parasites species observed include, Cryptosporidium spp. (21.3%), Entamoeba histolytica/Entamoeba dispar and Moniliformis moniliformis (17.9%), Angiostrongylus cantonensis (16.8%), Hymenolepis diminuta (16.1%), Giardia spp. (14.6%), Trichuris spp. (12.3%), and Sarcocystis spp. (6.74). Based on the results obtained in the present study, 17.1% and 15.4% of the rodents captured were confirmed positive for at least one species of intestinal or tissue parasites, respectively. The presence of these zoonotic parasites in the wild rats suggests the potential risk of rodent-borne zoonotic disease transmission to humans. Hence, the need to improved rats control intervention and public health awareness among the populace.

Project description:BackgroundImmunization is an effective public health intervention to reduce morbidity and mortality among children and it will become more effective if the child can receive the full course of recommended immunization doses. The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of childhood immunization defaulters and its associated factors among children below 5 years attending registered child care centers in Petaling District, Selangor.MethodsThis was a cross-sectional survey among mothers with children below 5 years from 60 registered child care centers in District of Petaling, Selangor. Data was collected by a self-administered questionnaire from a total of 1015 mothers. Simple Logistic Regression, Chi-square or Fisher's exact test were performed to determine the association between individual categorical variables and childhood immunization defaulters. Multivariate logistic regression was used to determine the predictors of childhood immunization defaulters.ResultsThe study showed that the prevalence rate for defaulting immunization was 20.7%. After adjusting all confounders, six statistically significant predictors of childhood immunization defaulters were determined. They were non-Muslims (aOR?=?1.669, 95% CI?=?1.173, 2.377, p?=?0.004), mothers with diploma and below educational background (aOR?=?2.296, 95% CI?=?1.460, 3.610, p?<?0.0001), multiple children of 5 and above in a family (aOR?=?2.656, 95% CI?=?1.004, 7.029, p?=?0.040), mothers with younger children aged 2?years and below (aOR?=?1.700, 95% CI?=?1.163, 2.486, p?=?0.006), long travelling time of more than 30?min to the immunization health facility (aOR?=?2.303, 95% CI?=?1.474, 3.599, p?<?0.0001) and had delayed at least one of the immunization schedule (aOR?=?2.747, 95% CI?=?1.918, 3.933, p?<?0.0001).ConclusionThis study highlights the need of implementation of intervention programs should be intensified to improve the childhood immunization status, focusing on the Non-Muslim community, mothers with low educational level, mothers with multiple children and mothers with children aged 2?years and below. In light of the growing problem of immunization defaulters in Malaysian children, identifying mothers at risk of not completing their children immunization schedule and educating them is an important strategy to recurrent outbreaks of infectious disease in the country.

Dataset Information

Simian malaria in wild macaques: first report from Hulu Selangor district, Selangor, Malaysia.

Publications

Simian malaria in wild macaques: first report from Hulu Selangor district, Selangor, Malaysia.

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