Dataset Information

Pollen Morphology and Boron Concentration in Floral Tissues as Factors Triggering Natural and GA-Induced Parthenocarpic Fruit Development in Grapevine.

ABSTRACT: Parthenocarpic fruit development (PFD) reduces fruit yield and quality in grapevine. Parthenocarpic seedless berries arise from fruit set without effective fertilization due to defective pollen germination. PFD has been associated to micronutrient deficiency but the relation of this phenomenon with pollen polymorphism has not been reported before. In this work, six grapevine cultivars with different tendency for PFD and grown under micronutrient-sufficient conditions were analyzed to determine pollen structure and germination capability as well as PFD rates. Wide variation in non-germinative abnormal pollen was detected either among cultivars as well as for the same cultivar in different growing seasons. A straight correlation with PFD rates was found (R2 = 0.9896), suggesting that natural parthenocarpy is related to defective pollen development. Such relation was not observed when PFD was analyzed in grapevine plants exposed to exogenous gibberellin (GA) or abscissic acid (ABA) applications at pre-anthesis. Increase (GA treatment) or reduction (ABA treatment) in PFD rates without significative changes in abnormal pollen was determined. Although these plants were maintained at sufficient boron (B) condition, a down-regulation of the floral genes VvBOR3 and VvBOR4 together with a reduction of floral B content in GA-treated plants was established. These results suggest that impairment in B mobility to reproductive tissues and restriction of pollen tube growth could be involved in the GA-induced parthenocarpy.

SUBMITTER: Alva O

PROVIDER: S-EPMC4595136 | biostudies-literature | 2015

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Pollen Morphology and Boron Concentration in Floral Tissues as Factors Triggering Natural and GA-Induced Parthenocarpic Fruit Development in Grapevine.

Alva Orlando O Roa-Roco Rosa Nair RN Pérez-Díaz Ricardo R Yáñez Mónica M Tapia Jaime J Moreno Yerko Y Ruiz-Lara Simón S González Enrique E

PloS one 20151006 10

Parthenocarpic fruit development (PFD) reduces fruit yield and quality in grapevine. Parthenocarpic seedless berries arise from fruit set without effective fertilization due to defective pollen germination. PFD has been associated to micronutrient deficiency but the relation of this phenomenon with pollen polymorphism has not been reported before. In this work, six grapevine cultivars with different tendency for PFD and grown under micronutrient-sufficient conditions were analyzed to determine p ...[more]

PMID: 26440413

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Project description:Given that flower size and pigmentation can mediate plant-pollinator interactions, many studies have focused on pollinator-driven selection on these floral traits. However, abiotic factors such as precipitation, temperature, and solar radiation also contribute to geographic variation in floral color, pattern, and size within multiple species. Several studies have described an ecogeographic pattern within species in which high temperature, high ultraviolet (UV) radiation, low precipitation and/or low latitudes are associated with increased floral anthocyanin production, smaller flowers, and/or larger UV-absorbing floral patterns (nectar guides or bullseyes). However, latitude or elevation is often used as a proxy variable to study variation in floral traits associated with a wide range of climatic variables, making the proximate abiotic drivers of variation difficult to identify. In this study, we tested and corroborated several predictions for how the abiotic environment may directly or indirectly shape geographic patterns of floral color, pattern, and size in Clarkia unguiculata (Onagraceae). This study provides the first report of geographic variation in multispectral floral color and pattern in C. unguiculata, while also providing an experimental test of the putative protective role of UV absorption for pollen performance. We quantified geographic variation among greenhouse-raised populations in UV floral pattern size, mean UV petal reflectance, anthocyanin concentration, and petal area in C. unguiculata across its natural range in California and, using 30 year climate normals for each population, we identified climatic and topographic attributes that are correlated with our focal floral traits. In addition, we examined pollen performance under high and low UV light conditions to detect the protective function (if any) of UV floral patterns in this species. Contrary to our expectations, the nectar guide and the proportion of the petal occupied by the UV nectar guide were largest in low solar UV populations. Estimated floral anthocyanin concentration was highest in populations with high solar UV, which does support our predictions. The size of the UV nectar guide did not affect pollen performance in either of the light treatments used in this study. We conclude that, under the conditions examined here, UV-absorbing floral patterns do not serve a direct "pollen protection" function in C. unguiculata. Our results only partially align with expected ecogeographic patterns in these floral traits, highlighting the need for research in a wider range of taxa in order to detect and interpret broad scale patterns of floral color variation.

Project description:Parthenocarpic tomato can set fruit and develop without pollination and exogenous hormone treatments under unfavorable environmental conditions, which is beneficial to tomato production from late fall to early spring in greenhouses. In this study, the endogenous hormones in the ovaries of the parthenocarpic tomato line "R35-P" (stigma removed or self-pollination) and the non-parthenocarpic tomato line "R35-N" (self-pollination) at four stages between preanthesis and postanthesis investigated, using high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS). A nearly twofold IAA (indoleacetic acid) content was found in "R35-P" rather than in "R35-N" at -2 and 0 days after anthesis (DAA). Except at -2 DAA, a lower ABA (abscisic acid) content was observed in Pe (stigma removed in "R35-P") compared to that in Ps (self-pollination in "R35-P") or CK (self-pollination in "R35-N"). After pollination, although the content of GA1 (gibberellins acid 1) in CK increased, the levels of GAs (gibberellins acids) were notably low. At all four stages, a lower SA (salicylic acid) content was found in Ps and CK than in Pe, while the content and the change trend were similar in Ps and CK. The variation tendencies of JA (jasmonic acid) varied among Pe, Ps, and CK at the studied periods. Furthermore, KEGG (Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes) enrichment analyses of transcriptomic data identified 175 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) related to plant hormone signal transduction, including 63 auxin-related genes, 27 abscisic acid-related genes, 22 ethylene-related genes, 16 cytokinin-related genes, 16 salicylic acid-related genes, 14 brassinosteroid-related genes, 13 jasmonic acid-related genes, and 4 gibberellin-related genes at -2 DAA and 0 DAA. Our results suggest that the fate of a fruit set or degeneration occurred before anthesis in tomato. Auxins, whose levels were independent of pollination and fertilization, play prominent roles in controlling a fruit set in "R35-P," and other hormones are integrated in a synergistic or antagonistic way.

Dataset Information

Pollen Morphology and Boron Concentration in Floral Tissues as Factors Triggering Natural and GA-Induced Parthenocarpic Fruit Development in Grapevine.

Publications

Pollen Morphology and Boron Concentration in Floral Tissues as Factors Triggering Natural and GA-Induced Parthenocarpic Fruit Development in Grapevine.

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