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Thermodynamic phase transitions in a frustrated magnetic metamaterial.

ABSTRACT: Materials with interacting magnetic degrees of freedom display a rich variety of magnetic behaviour that can lead to novel collective equilibrium and out-of-equilibrium phenomena. In equilibrium, thermodynamic phases appear with the associated phase transitions providing a characteristic signature of the underlying collective behaviour. Here we create a thermally active artificial kagome spin ice that is made up of a large array of dipolar interacting nanomagnets and undergoes phase transitions predicted by microscopic theory. We use low energy muon spectroscopy to probe the dynamic behaviour of the interacting nanomagnets and observe peaks in the muon relaxation rate that can be identified with the critical temperatures of the predicted phase transitions. This provides experimental evidence that a frustrated magnetic metamaterial can be engineered to admit thermodynamic phases.

SUBMITTER: Anghinolfi L

PROVIDER: S-EPMC4595626 | biostudies-literature | 2015 Sep

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Thermodynamic phase transitions in a frustrated magnetic metamaterial.

Anghinolfi L L Luetkens H H Perron J J Flokstra M G MG Sendetskyi O O Suter A A Prokscha T T Derlet P M PM Lee S L SL Heyderman L J LJ

Nature communications 20150921

Materials with interacting magnetic degrees of freedom display a rich variety of magnetic behaviour that can lead to novel collective equilibrium and out-of-equilibrium phenomena. In equilibrium, thermodynamic phases appear with the associated phase transitions providing a characteristic signature of the underlying collective behaviour. Here we create a thermally active artificial kagome spin ice that is made up of a large array of dipolar interacting nanomagnets and undergoes phase transitions ...[more]

PMID: 26387444

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Project description:The formation and crystal structure of the binary Cu3As phase have been re-investigated. Some physical properties were then measured on both single crystal and polycrystalline bulk. Cu3As melts congruently at 835 °C. At room temperature (RT), this compound has been found to crystallize in the hexagonal Cu3P prototype (hP24, P63cm) with lattice parameters: a = 7.1393(1) Å and c = 7.3113(1) Å, rather than in the anti HoH3-type (hP24, P-3c1) as indicated in literature. A small compositional range of 74.0-75.5 at.% Cu (26.0-24.5 at.% As) was found for samples synthesized at 300 and 400 °C; a corresponding slight understoichiometry is found in one out of the four Cu atomic sites, leading to the final refined composition Cu2.882(1)As. The present results disprove a change in the crystal structure above RT actually reported in the phase diagram (from γ' to γ on heating). Instead, below RT, at T = 243 K (-30 °C), a first-order structural transition to a trigonal low-temperature superstructure, LT-Cu3-xAs (hP72, P-3c1) has been found. The LT polymorph is metrically related to the RT one, having the c lattice parameter three times larger: a = 7.110(2) Å and c = 21.879(4) Å. Both the high- and low-temperature polymorphs are characterized by the presence of a tridimensional (3D) uncommon and rigid Cu sublattice of the lonsdaleite type (Cu atoms tetrahedrally bonded), which remains almost unaffected by the structural change(s), and characteristic layers of triangular 'Cu3As'-units (each hosting one As atom at the center, interconnected each other by sharing the three vertices). The first-order transition is then followed by an additional structural change when lowering the temperature, which induces doubling of also the lattice parameter a. Differential scanning calorimetry nicely detects the first low-temperature structural change occurring at T = 243 K, with an associated enthalpy difference, ΔH(TR), of approximately 2 J/g (0.53 kJ/mol). Low-temperature electrical resistivity shows a typical metallic behavior; clear anomalies are detected in correspondence to the solid-state transformations. The Seebeck coefficient, measured as a function of temperature, highlights a conduction of n-type. The temperature dependence of the magnetic susceptibility displays an overall constant diamagnetic response.

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Thermodynamic phase transitions in a frustrated magnetic metamaterial.

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Thermodynamic phase transitions in a frustrated magnetic metamaterial.

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