Dataset Information

Transcriptional regulation of ethylene and jasmonate mediated defense response in apple (Malus domestica) root during Pythium ultimum infection.

ABSTRACT: Apple replant disease (ARD) is a significant economic restraint to the successful re-establishment of new apple orchards on sites previously planted to the same crop. Pythium ultimum, an oomycete, is a significant component of the ARD pathogen complex. Although ethylene (ET)- and jasmonic acid (JA)-mediated defense responses are intensively studied in the foliar pathosystem, the transferability of this knowledge to the interaction between a perennial root system and soilborne pathogens is unknown. The aim of this study was to test the hypothesis that the ET/JA-mediated defense response is conserved in roots of tree crops in response to infection by P. ultimum. Apple genes with the annotated function of ET/JA biosynthesis, MdERF (ethylene response factor) for signaling transduction and a gene encoding a pathogenesis-related (PR) protein (?-chitinase, the target of ERF) were identified from the apple genome sequences. The transcriptional profiles of these genes during P. ultimum infection and after exogenous ET and/or JA treatment were characterized using qRT-PCR. Several genes showed a 10- to 60-fold upregulation in apple root tissue 24-48?h post inoculation (hpi). Exogenous ET and JA treatment exhibited either a positive or negative influence on expression of ET or JA biosynthesis genes, depending upon gene isoforms and the tissue types, while the expression of MdERF and the PR protein encoding gene was upregulated by both ET and JA treatment. Our data are consistent with the hypothesis that ET/JA-mediated defense pathways are functional in the root system of perennial tree species defending soilborne pathogens.

SUBMITTER: Shin S

PROVIDER: S-EPMC4596337 | biostudies-literature | 2014

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Transcriptional regulation of ethylene and jasmonate mediated defense response in apple (Malus domestica) root during Pythium ultimum infection.

Shin Sungbong S Lv Jingyi J Fazio Gennaro G Mazzola Mark M Zhu Yanmin Y

Horticulture research 20141029

Apple replant disease (ARD) is a significant economic restraint to the successful re-establishment of new apple orchards on sites previously planted to the same crop. Pythium ultimum, an oomycete, is a significant component of the ARD pathogen complex. Although ethylene (ET)- and jasmonic acid (JA)-mediated defense responses are intensively studied in the foliar pathosystem, the transferability of this knowledge to the interaction between a perennial root system and soilborne pathogens is unknow ...[more]

PMID: 26504552

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Project description:BackgroundApple replant disease is a soilborne disease caused by Fusarium proliferatum f. sp. malus domestica strain MR5 (abbreviated hereafter as Fpmd MR5) in China. This pathogen causes root tissue rot and wilting leaves in apple seedlings, leading to plant death. A comparative transcriptome analysis was conducted using the Illumina Novaseq platform to identify the molecular defense mechanisms of the susceptible M.26 and the resistant M9T337 apple rootstocks to Fpmd MR5 infection.ResultsApproximately 518.1 million high-quality reads were generated using RNA sequencing (RNA-seq). Comparative analysis between the mock-inoculated and Fpmd MR5 infected apple rootstocks revealed 28,196 significantly differentially expressed genes (DEGs), including 14,572 up-regulated and 13,624 down-regulated genes. Among them, the transcriptomes in the roots of the susceptible genotype M.26 were reflected by overrepresented DEGs. MapMan analysis indicated that a large number of DEGs were involved in the response of apple plants to Fpmd MR5 stress. The important functional groups identified via gene ontology (GO) and the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment were responsible for fundamental biological regulation, secondary metabolism, plant-pathogen recognition, and plant hormone signal transduction (ethylene and jasmonate). Furthermore, the expression of 33 up-regulated candidate genes (12 related to WRKY DNA-binding proteins, one encoding endochitinase, two encoding beta-glucosidases, ten related to pathogenesis-related proteins, and eight encoding ethylene-responsive transcription factors) were validated by quantitative real-time PCR.ConclusionRNA-seq profiling was performed for the first time to analyze response of apple root to Fpmd MR5 infection. We found that the production of antimicrobial compounds and antioxidants enhanced plant resistance to pathogens, and pathogenesis-related protein (PR10 homologs, chitinase, and beta-glucosidase) may play unique roles in the defense response. These results provide new insights into the mechanisms of the apple root response to Fpmd MR5 infection.

Project description:Freezing tolerance is a significant trait in plants that grow in cold environments and survive through the winter. Apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) is a cold-tolerant fruit tree, and the cold tolerance of its bark is important for its survival at low temperatures. However, little is known about the gene activity related to its freezing tolerance. To better understand the gene expression and regulation properties of freezing tolerance in dormant apple trees, we analyzed the transcriptomic divergences in the bark from 1-year-old branches of two apple cultivars, "Golden Delicious" (G) and "Jinhong" (H), which have different levels of cold resistance, under chilling and freezing treatments. "H" can safely overwinter below -30?°C in extremely low-temperature regions, whereas "G" experiences severe freezing damage and death in similar environments. Based on 28 bark transcriptomes (from the epidermis, phloem, and cambium) from 1-year-old branches under seven temperature treatments (from 4 to -29?°C), we identified 4173 and 7734 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in "G" and "H", respectively, between the chilling and freezing treatments. A gene coexpression network was constructed according to this expression information using weighted gene correlation network analysis (WGCNA), and seven biologically meaningful coexpression modules were identified from the network. The expression profiles of the genes from these modules suggested the gene regulatory pathways that are responsible for the chilling and freezing stress responses of "G" and/or "H." Module 7 was probably related to freezing acclimation and freezing damage in "H" at the lower temperatures. This module contained more interconnected hub transcription factors (TFs) and cold-responsive genes (CORs). Modules 6 and 7 contained C-repeat binding factor (CBF) TFs, and many CBF-dependent homologs were identified as hub genes. We also found that some hub TFs had higher intramodular connectivity (KME) and gene significance (GS) than CBFs. Specifically, most hub TFs in modules 6 and 7 were activated at the beginning of the early freezing stress phase and maintained upregulated expression during the whole freezing stress period in "G" and "H". The upregulation of DEGs related to methionine and carbohydrate biosynthetic processes in "H" under more severe freezing stress supported the maintenance of homeostasis in the cellular membrane. This study improves our understanding of the transcriptional regulation patterns underlying freezing tolerance in the bark of apple branches.

Dataset Information

Transcriptional regulation of ethylene and jasmonate mediated defense response in apple (Malus domestica) root during Pythium ultimum infection.

Publications

Transcriptional regulation of ethylene and jasmonate mediated defense response in apple (Malus domestica) root during Pythium ultimum infection.

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