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Protein kinase R-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase and glycogen synthase kinase-3α/β regulate foam cell formation.

ABSTRACT: Evidence suggests a causative role for endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress in the development of atherosclerosis. This study investigated the potential role of glycogen synthase kinase (GSK)-3α/β in proatherogenic ER stress signaling. Thp1-derived macrophages were treated with the ER stress-inducing agents, glucosamine, thapsigargin, or palmitate. Using small-molecule inhibitors of specific unfolded protein response (UPR) signaling pathways, we found that protein kinase R-like ER kinase (PERK), but not inositol requiring enzyme 1 or activating transcription factor 6, is required for the activation of GSK3α/β by ER stress. GSK3α/β inhibition or siRNA-directed knockdown attenuated ER stress-induced expression of distal components of the PERK pathway. Macrophage foam cells within atherosclerotic plaques and isolated macrophages from ApoE(-/-) mice fed a diet supplemented with the GSK3α/β inhibitor valproate had reduced levels of C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP). GSK3α/β inhibition blocked ER stress-induced lipid accumulation and the upregulation of genes associated with lipid metabolism. In primary mouse macrophages, PERK inhibition blocked ER stress-induced lipid accumulation, whereas constitutively active S9A-GSK3β promoted foam cell formation and CHOP expression, even in cells treated with a PERK inhibitor. These findings suggest that ER stress-PERK-GSK3α/β signaling promotes proatherogenic macrophage lipid accumulation.

SUBMITTER: McAlpine CS

PROVIDER: S-EPMC4617134 | biostudies-literature | 2014 Nov

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Protein kinase R-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase and glycogen synthase kinase-3α/β regulate foam cell formation.

McAlpine Cameron S CS Werstuck Geoff H GH

Journal of lipid research 20140902 11

Evidence suggests a causative role for endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress in the development of atherosclerosis. This study investigated the potential role of glycogen synthase kinase (GSK)-3α/β in proatherogenic ER stress signaling. Thp1-derived macrophages were treated with the ER stress-inducing agents, glucosamine, thapsigargin, or palmitate. Using small-molecule inhibitors of specific unfolded protein response (UPR) signaling pathways, we found that protein kinase R-like ER kinase (PERK), bu ...[more]

PMID: 25183803

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Project description:BackgroundThe molecular pathways that regulate the extent of ischemic injury and post-myocardial infarction (MI) remodeling are not well understood. We recently demonstrated that glycogen synthase kinase-3α (GSK-3α) is critical to the heart's response to pressure overload. However, the role, if any, of GSK-3α in regulating ischemic injury and its consequences is not known.Methods and resultsMI was induced in wild-type (WT) versus GSK-3α((-/-)) (KO) littermates by left anterior descending coronary artery ligation. Pre-MI, WT, and KO hearts had comparable chamber dimensions and ventricular function, but as early as 1 week post-MI, KO mice had significantly more left ventricular dilatation and dysfunction than WT mice. KO mice also had increased mortality during the first 10 days post-MI (43% versus 22%; P=0.04), and postmortem examination confirmed cardiac rupture as the cause of most of the deaths. In the mice that survived the first 10 days, left ventricular dilatation and dysfunction remained worse in the KO mice throughout the study (8 weeks). Hypertrophy, fibrosis, and heart failure were all increased in the KO mice. Given the early deaths due to rupture and the significant reduction in left ventricular function evident as early as 1 week post-MI, we examined infarct size following a 48-hour coronary artery ligation and found it to be increased in the KO mice. This was accompanied by increased apoptosis in the border zone of the MI. This increased susceptibility to ischemic injury-induced apoptosis was also seen in cardiomyocytes isolated from the KO mice that were exposed to hypoxia. Finally, Bax translocation to the mitochondria and cytochrome C release into the cytosol were increased in the KO mice.ConclusionGSK-3α confers resistance to ischemic injury, at least in part, via limiting apoptosis. Loss of GSK-3α promotes ischemic injury, increases risk of cardiac rupture, accentuates post-MI remodeling and left ventricular dysfunction, and increases the progression to heart failure. These findings are in striking contrast to multiple previous reports in which deletion or inhibition of GSK-3β is protective.

Project description:BackgroundCyclophilin D (CypD) negatively regulates ATP production by opening of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore. This study aimed to understand the role of CypD in sperm motility regulation.MethodsChanges in CypD during sperm capacitation and its interaction with glycogen synthase kinase 3α (GSK3α), a key kinase regulating sperm motility, were examined in mouse spermatozoa. The effects of CypD inhibitor cyclosporin A (CsA) and GSK3 inhibitor 6-bromo-indirubin-3'-oxime (BIO) on sperm motility, p-GSK3α(Ser21), mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mPTP), mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), and ATP production were examined. The effect of proteasome inhibitor MG115 on the cellular levels of CypD was examined.ResultsIn cauda epididymal spermatozoa, GSK3α was found in both cytosolic and mitochondrial fractions whereas CypD was primarily found in the mitochondrial fraction together with ATP synthase F1 subunit alpha (ATP5A), a mitochondrial marker. GSK3α and CypD were co-localized in the sperm midpiece. Interaction between GSK3α and CypD was identified in co-immunoprecipitation. CsA, a CypD inhibitor, significantly increased sperm motility, tyrosine phosphorylation, mPTP closing, MMP, and ATP levels in spermatozoa, suggesting that CypD acts as a negative regulator of sperm function. Under capacitation condition, both GSK3α and CypD were decreased in spermatozoa but ATP5A was not. The GSK3 inhibitor BIO markedly increased p-GSK3α(Ser21) and decreased CypD but significantly increased mPTP closing, MMP, ATP production, and motility of spermatozoa. This suggests that inhibitory phosphorylation of GSK3α is coupled with degradation of CypD, potentiating the mitochondrial function. Degradation of CypD was attenuated by MG115, indicative of involvement of the ubiquitin proteasome system.ConclusionsDuring sperm capacitation, CypD act as a downstream target of GSK3α can be degraded via the ubiquitin proteasome system, stimulating mitochondrial function and sperm motility.

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Protein kinase R-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase and glycogen synthase kinase-3α/β regulate foam cell formation.

Publications

Protein kinase R-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase and glycogen synthase kinase-3α/β regulate foam cell formation.

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