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An overview of the basic helix-loop-helix proteins.

ABSTRACT: The basic helix-loop-helix proteins are dimeric transcription factors that are found in almost all eukaryotes. In animals, they are important regulators of embryonic development, particularly in neurogenesis, myogenesis, heart development and hematopoiesis.

SUBMITTER: Jones S

PROVIDER: S-EPMC463060 | biostudies-literature | 2004

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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An overview of the basic helix-loop-helix proteins.

Jones Susan S

Genome biology 20040528 6

The basic helix-loop-helix proteins are dimeric transcription factors that are found in almost all eukaryotes. In animals, they are important regulators of embryonic development, particularly in neurogenesis, myogenesis, heart development and hematopoiesis. ...[more]

PMID: 15186484

Similar Datasets

Phylogenetic analysis of the human basic helix-loop-helix proteins.

Project description:BackgroundThe basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) proteins are a large and complex multigene family of transcription factors with important roles in animal development, including that of fruitflies, nematodes and vertebrates. The identification of orthologous relationships among the bHLH genes from these widely divergent taxa allows reconstruction of the putative complement of bHLH genes present in the genome of their last common ancestor.ResultsWe identified 39 different bHLH genes in the worm Caenorhabditis elegans, 58 in the fly Drosophila melanogaster and 125 in human (Homo sapiens). We defined 44 orthologous families that include most of these bHLH genes. Of these, 43 include both human and fly and/or worm genes, indicating that genes from these families were already present in the last common ancestor of worm, fly and human. Only two families contain both yeast and animal genes, and no family contains both plant and animal bHLH genes. We suggest that the diversification of bHLH genes is directly linked to the acquisition of multicellularity, and that important diversification of the bHLH repertoire occurred independently in animals and plants.ConclusionsAs the last common ancestor of worm, fly and human is also that of all bilaterian animals, our analysis indicates that this ancient ancestor must have possessed at least 43 different types of bHLH, highlighting its genomic complexity.

| S-EPMC116727 | biostudies-literature

Origin and diversification of basic-helix-loop-helix proteins in plants.

Project description:Basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) proteins are a class of transcription factors found throughout eukaryotic organisms. Classification of the complete sets of bHLH proteins in the sequenced genomes of Arabidopsis thaliana and Oryza sativa (rice) has defined the diversity of these proteins among flowering plants. However, the evolutionary relationships of different plant bHLH groups and the diversity of bHLH proteins in more ancestral groups of plants are currently unknown. In this study, we use whole-genome sequences from nine species of land plants and algae to define the relationships between these proteins in plants. We show that few (less than 5) bHLH proteins are encoded in the genomes of chlorophytes and red algae. In contrast, many bHLH proteins (100-170) are encoded in the genomes of land plants (embryophytes). Phylogenetic analyses suggest that plant bHLH proteins are monophyletic and constitute 26 subfamilies. Twenty of these subfamilies existed in the common ancestors of extant mosses and vascular plants, whereas six further subfamilies evolved among the vascular plants. In addition to the conserved bHLH domains, most subfamilies are characterized by the presence of highly conserved short amino acid motifs. We conclude that much of the diversity of plant bHLH proteins was established in early land plants, over 440 million years ago.

| S-EPMC2839125 | biostudies-literature

Target specificities of Drosophila enhancer of split basic helix-loop-helix proteins.

Project description:Seven Enhancer of split genes in Drosophila melanogaster encode basic-helix-loop-helix transcription factors which are components of the Notch signalling pathway. They are expressed in response to Notch activation and mediate some effects of the pathway by regulating the expression of target genes. Here we have determined that the optimal DNA binding site for the Enhancer of split proteins is a palindromic 12-bp sequence, 5'-TGGCACGTG(C/T)(C/T)A-3', which contains an E-box core (CACGTG). This site is recognized by all of the individual Enhancer of split basic helix-loop-helix proteins, consistent with their ability to regulate similar target genes in vivo. We demonstrate that the 3 bp flanking the E-box core are intrinsic to DNA recognition by these proteins and that the Enhancer of split and proneural proteins can compete for binding on specific DNA sequences. Furthermore, the regulation conferred on a reporter gene in Drosophila by three closely related sequences demonstrates that even subtle sequence changes within an E box or flanking bases have dramatic consequences on the overall repertoire of proteins that can bind in vivo.

| S-EPMC84258 | biostudies-literature

A basic helix-loop-helix transcription factors network mediates the brassinosteroid signal

Project description:This SuperSeries is composed of the SubSeries listed below. Refer to individual Series

2014-03-05 | E-GEOD-51121 | biostudies-arrayexpress

Prg1 is regulated by the basic helix-loop-helix transcription factor Math2

Project description:Math2 (NEX-1/NeuroD6) is a member of the bHLH transcription factor family and is involved in neuronal differentiation and maturation. In the present study, we identified the genes targeted by Math2 using DNA microarrays and cultured rat cortical cells transfected with Math2. Of the genes regulated by Math2, we focused on plasticity-related gene 1 (Prg1). Prg1 expression induced by Math2 was confirmed in cultured rat cortical cells and PC12 cells analyzed by real-time quantitative PCR. Examining the promoter region of rat Prg1, we found four E-boxes designated -E1 to -E4 (CANNTG) which were recognized by the bHLH transcription factor. Using chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assays, we found that Math2 directly bound to the E-box(es) in the Prg1 promoter. The reporter assay of Prg1 showed that -E1 was critical for the regulation of the Prg1 expression by Math2. Then, the functional role of Math2 and Prg1 was investigated in PC12 cells. Seventy-two hours after transfection of Math2 or Prg1, neurite length and number was significantly induced in PC12 cells. Co-transfection with Prg1-siRNA completely inhibited Math2-mediated morphological changes. Our results suggest that Math2 directly regulates Prg1 expression and Math2-Prg1 cascade plays an important role in neurite outgrowth in PC12 cells.

2008-07-27 | GSE11829 | GEO

A basic helix-loop-helix transcription factors network mediates the brassinosteroid signal

Project description:This SuperSeries is composed of the SubSeries listed below.

2014-03-05 | GSE51121 | GEO

Transcriptional synergy between LIM-homeodomain proteins and basic helix-loop-helix proteins: the LIM2 domain determines specificity.

Project description:LIM-homeodomain proteins direct cellular differentiation by activating transcription of cell-type-specific genes, but this activation requires cooperation with other nuclear factors. The LIM-homeodomain protein Lmx1 cooperates with the basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) protein E47/Pan-1 to activate the insulin promoter in transfected fibroblasts. In this study, we show that two proteins originally called Lmx1 are the closely related products of two distinct vertebrate genes, Lmx1.1 and Lmx1.2. We have used yeast genetic systems to delineate the functional domains of the Lmx1 proteins and to characterize the physical interactions between Lmx1 proteins and E47/Pan-1 that produce synergistic transcriptional activation. The LIM domains of the Lmx1 proteins, and particularly the second LIM domain, mediate both specific physical interactions and transcriptional synergy with E47/Pan-1. The LIM domains of the LIM-homeodomain protein Isl-1, which cannot mediate transcriptional synergy with E47/Pan-1, do not interact with E47/Pan-1. In vitro studies demonstrate that the Lmx1.1 LIM2 domain interacts specifically with the bHLH domain of E47/Pan-1. These studies provide the basis for a model of the assembly of LIM-homeodomain-containing complexes on DNA elements that direct cell-type-restricted transcription in differentiated tissues.

| S-EPMC232202 | biostudies-other

Helix-loop-helix/basic helix-loop-helix transcription factor network represses cell elongation in Arabidopsis through an apparent incoherent feed-forward loop.

Project description:Cell elongation is promoted by different environmental and hormonal signals, involving light, temperature, brassinosteroid (BR), and gibberellin, that inhibit the atypical basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) transcription factor INCREASED LEAF INCLINATION1 BINDING bHLH1 (IBH1). Ectopic accumulation of IBH1 causes a severe dwarf phenotype, but the cell elongation suppression mechanism is still not well understood. Here, we identified a close homolog of IBH1, IBH1-LIKE1 (IBL1), that also antagonized BR responses and cell elongation. Genome-wide expression analyses showed that IBH1 and IBL1 act interdependently downstream of the BRASSINAZOLE-RESISTANT1 (BZR1)-PHYTOCHROME-INTERACTING FACTOR 4 (PIF4)-DELLA module. Although characterized as non-DNA binding, IBH1 repressed direct IBL1 transcription, and they both acted in tandem to suppress the expression of a common downstream helix-loop-helix (HLH)/bHLH network, thus forming an incoherent feed-forward loop. IBH1 and IBL1 together repressed the expression of PIF4, known to stimulate skotomorphogenesis synergistically with BZR1. Strikingly, PIF4 bound all direct and down-regulated HLH/bHLH targets of IBH1 and IBL1. Additional genome-wide comparisons suggested a model in which IBH1 antagonized PIF4 but not the PIF4-BZR1 dimer.

| S-EPMC3932932 | biostudies-literature

Interactions between basic helix-loop-helix transcription factors and nucleosomes

Project description:In solution crosslinking mass spectrometry of transcription factors in complex with nucleosomes

2023-05-23 | PXD033181 | Pride

A basic helix-loop-helix transcription factors network mediates the brassinosteroid signal [ChIP-seq]

Project description:To investigate the genome-wide occupancies of INCREASED LEAF INCLINATION1 (ILI1)-BINDING bHLH-1 (IBH1) (At2g43060), IBH1 ChIP analysis followed by direct sequencing (ChIP-Seq) on the p35S::IBH1-GFP (IBH1OE) line and a control line p35S::GFP (GFP OE) were conducted. Antibodies against GFP in the GFP-tagged IBH1 were utilized for immunoprecipitation of the endogenous protein-DNA complex, and the obtained DNA was subjected to next generation sequencing. Observation of genome-wide occupancies of atypical bHLH, INCREASED LEAF INCLINATION1 (ILI1)-BINDING bHLH-1 (IBH1) (At2g43060)

2014-03-05 | E-GEOD-51120 | biostudies-arrayexpress

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