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We should be using nonlinear indices when relating heart-rate dynamics to cognition and mood.

ABSTRACT: Both heart rate (HR) and brain functioning involve the integrated output of a multitude of regulatory mechanisms, that are not quantified adequately by linear approximations such as means and standard deviations. It was therefore considered whether non-linear measures of HR complexity are more strongly associated with cognition and mood. Whilst resting, the inter-beat (R-R) time series of twenty-one males and twenty-four females were measured for five minutes. The data were summarised using time, frequency and nonlinear complexity measures. Attention, memory, reaction times, mood and cortisol levels were assessed. Nonlinear HR indices captured additional information, enabling a greater percentage of the variance in behaviour to be explained. On occasions non-linear indices were related to aspects for behaviour, for example focused attention and cortisol production, when time or frequency indices were not. These effects were sexually dimorphic with HR complexity being more strongly associated with the behaviour of females. It was concluded that nonlinear rather than linear methods of summarizing the HR times series offers a novel way of relating brain functioning and behaviour. It should be considered whether non-linear measures of HR complexity can be used as a biomarker of the integrated functioning of the brain.

SUBMITTER: Young H

PROVIDER: S-EPMC4643265 | biostudies-literature | 2015 Nov

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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We should be using nonlinear indices when relating heart-rate dynamics to cognition and mood.

Young Hayley H Benton David D

Scientific reports 20151113

Both heart rate (HR) and brain functioning involve the integrated output of a multitude of regulatory mechanisms, that are not quantified adequately by linear approximations such as means and standard deviations. It was therefore considered whether non-linear measures of HR complexity are more strongly associated with cognition and mood. Whilst resting, the inter-beat (R-R) time series of twenty-one males and twenty-four females were measured for five minutes. The data were summarised using time ...[more]

PMID: 26565560

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Project description:ObjectiveTo evaluate the heart rate variability (HRV) in patients with multibacillary leprosy using dynamic linear and nonlinear analysis.Material and methodsTwenty-one leprosy patients (mean age: 39.14 ±10.58 years) and 21 healthy subjects (mean age: 36.24 ± 12.64 years) completed the sample. Heart rate variability recording was performed by a Polar RS800 CX heart monitor during a period of 15 min in the supine position and 15 min in a sitting position. Analysis of HRV was performed by frequency domain from high frequency (HF) and low frequency (LF) spectral indexes in absolute and normalized units. The nonlinear analysis of HRV was calculated using symbolic analysis (0V%, 1V%, 2LV% and 2UV% indexes), Shannon entropy (SE) and normalized complexity index (NCI).ResultsLinear analysis: both groups showed higher HF values (p < 0.05) and smaller LF values (p < 0.05) in supine than in sitting position. The leprosy patients showed higher LF values (p < 0.05) and smaller HF values (p < 0.05) compared to the controls on supine position. Symbolic analysis: leprosy patients had higher 0V% values (p < 0.05), smaller 2LV% values (p < 0.05) and 2UV % values compared to healthy subjects on both positions. The 1V % had higher values (p < 0.05) for leprosy patients than for controls in the sitting position. The control subjects had smaller 0V % values (p < 0.05), and higher 2UV % values (p < 0.05) in the supine position compared to the sitting position. Leprosy patients had higher 2UV index values (p < 0.05) in the supine position compared to the sitting position. In the complexity analysis, leprosy patients had smaller SE and NCI values (p < 0.05) than the control in the supine position. There was no difference between the SE and NCI values of leprosy and the control subjects in the sitting position. The control subjects had higher SE and NCI values (p < 0.05) in the supine position than in the sitting position.ConclusionLeprosy patients had higher sympathetic modulation and smaller vagal modulation than controls, indicating less HRV and cardiac modulation with lower complexity. The control group displayed significant HRV differences in response to position changes while leprosy patients had fewer HRV differences after the same postural change. An analysis of HRV with linear and non-linear dynamics proved to be a reliable method and promising for the investigation of autonomic dysfunction in patients with multibacillary leprosy.

Project description:Adolescents with single ventricle heart disease (SVHD) exhibit mood and cognitive deficits, which may result from injury to the basal ganglia structures, including the caudate nuclei. However, the integrity of the caudate in SVHD adolescents is unclear. Our aim was to examine the global and regional caudate volumes, and evaluate the relationships between caudate volumes and cognitive and mood scores in SVHD and healthy adolescents. We acquired two high-resolution T1-weighted images from 23 SVHD and 37 controls using a 3.0-Tesla MRI scanner, as well as assessed mood (Patient Health Questionnaire-9 [PHQ-9]; Beck Anxiety Inventory [BAI]) and cognition (Montreal Cognitive Assessment [MoCA]; Wide Range Assessment of Memory and Learning-2; General Memory Index [GMI]) functions. Both left and right caudate nuclei were outlined, which were then used to calculate and compare volumes between groups using ANCOVA (covariates: age, gender, and head-size), as well as perform 3D surface morphometry. Partial correlations (covariates: age, gender, and head-size) were used to examine associations between caudate volumes, cognition, and mood scores in SVHD and controls. SVHD subjects showed significantly higher PHQ-9 and BAI scores, indicating more depressive and anxiety symptoms, as well as reduced GMI scores, suggesting impaired cognition, compared to controls. SVHD patients showed significantly reduced caudate volumes (left, 3,198.8 ± 490.1 vs. 3,605.0 ± 480.4 mm3 , p < 0.004; right, 3,162.1 ± 475.4 vs. 3,504.8 ± 465.9 mm3 , p < 0.011) over controls, and changes were localized in the rostral, mid-dorsolateral, and caudal areas. Significant negative correlations emerged between caudate volumes with PHQ-9 and BAI scores and positive correlations with GMI and MoCA scores in SVHD and controls. SVHD adolescents show significantly reduced caudate volumes, especially in sites that have projections to regulate mood and cognition, which may result from developmental and/or hypoxia-/ischemia-induced processes.

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We should be using nonlinear indices when relating heart-rate dynamics to cognition and mood.

Publications

We should be using nonlinear indices when relating heart-rate dynamics to cognition and mood.

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