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Innate immune mechanisms in Japanese encephalitis virus infection: effect on transcription of pattern recognition receptors in mouse neuronal cells and brain tissue.

ABSTRACT: Very little information is available on the role of innate immune mechanisms in Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) infection. This study was designed to investigate the role of all Pattern Recognition Receptors (PRRs) in JEV infection in a mouse neuronal cell line in comparison to events that occur in vivo, using JEV infected suckling and adult mice. Analysis of mRNA expression was carried out using RT-PCR for detection of PRR genes and their downstream pathway genes, while a PCR array technique was used to examine the complete transcription analysis. Amongst the various innate immune receptors, TLR3 gene exhibited differential expression in JEV-infected Neuro2a, in suckling mice and adult mouse brain cells but not in uninfected control cells. The downstream events of TLR3 were confirmed by increased mRNA expression of IRF3 and interferon-? in JEV-infected Neuro2a cells and suckling mice brain tissue. To confirm the functional significance of this observation, TLR3 gene silencing experiments were carried using specific siRNA in Neuro2a cells. The results revealed a significant enhancement of JEV replication in TLR3 gene silenced JEV-infected Neuro2a cells, thereby suggesting that TLR3 serves a protective role against JEV. The expression levels of other PRRs varied. JEV-infected adult mice showed significant upregulation of TLR2 and MDA5 as compared to JEV-infected suckling mice and Neuro2a cells. In addition, upregulation of Myd88 and IRF7 was also noted in adult mice. These observations, coupled with the fact that adult mice infected with JEV exhibited longer survival rates, suggests that the host antiviral TLR2 response seen in adult mice was eventually countered by the virus by using MDA5 receptor. Our findings suggest that different PRRs appear to be involved in JEV infection in Neuro2a cells and brains of suckling and adult mice.

SUBMITTER: Fadnis PR

PROVIDER: S-EPMC4649254 | biostudies-literature | 2013 Dec

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Innate immune mechanisms in Japanese encephalitis virus infection: effect on transcription of pattern recognition receptors in mouse neuronal cells and brain tissue.

Fadnis Prachi Rahul PR Ravi Vasanthapuram V Desai Anita A Turtle Lance L Solomon Tom T

Viral immunology 20131116 6

Very little information is available on the role of innate immune mechanisms in Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) infection. This study was designed to investigate the role of all Pattern Recognition Receptors (PRRs) in JEV infection in a mouse neuronal cell line in comparison to events that occur in vivo, using JEV infected suckling and adult mice. Analysis of mRNA expression was carried out using RT-PCR for detection of PRR genes and their downstream pathway genes, while a PCR array technique ...[more]

PMID: 24236856

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Project description:Chronic inflammation has been associated with an increased risk of several human malignancies, a classic example being gastric adenocarcinoma (GC). Development of GC is known to result from infection of the gastric mucosa by Helicobacter pylori, which initially induces acute inflammation and, in a subset of patients, progresses over time to chronic inflammation, gastric atrophy, intestinal metaplasia, dysplasia, and finally intestinal-type GC. Germ-line encoded receptors known as pattern-recognition receptors (PRRs) are critical for generating mature pro-inflammatory cytokines that are crucial for both Th1 and Th2 responses. Given that H. pylori is initially targeted by PRRs, it is conceivable that dysfunction within genes of this arm of the immune system could modulate the host response against H. pylori infection, and subsequently influence the emergence of GC. Current evidence suggests that Toll-like receptors (TLRs) (TLR2, TLR3, TLR4, TLR5, and TLR9), nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain (NOD)-like receptors (NLRs) (NOD1, NOD2, and NLRP3), a C-type lectin receptor (DC-SIGN), and retinoic acid-inducible gene (RIG)-I-like receptors (RIG-I and MDA-5), are involved in both the recognition of H. pylori and gastric carcinogenesis. In addition, polymorphisms in genes involved in the TLR (TLR1, TLR2, TLR4, TLR5, TLR9, and CD14) and NLR (NOD1, NOD2, NLRP3, NLRP12, NLRX1, CASP1, ASC, and CARD8) signaling pathways have been shown to modulate the risk of H. pylori infection, gastric precancerous lesions, and/or GC. Further, the modulation of PRRs has been suggested to suppress H. pylori-induced inflammation and enhance GC cell apoptosis, highlighting their potential relevance in GC therapeutics. In this review, we present current advances in our understanding of the role of the TLR and NLR signaling pathways in the pathogenesis of GC, address the involvement of other recently identified PRRs in GC, and discuss the potential implications of PRRs in GC immunotherapy.

Dataset Information

Innate immune mechanisms in Japanese encephalitis virus infection: effect on transcription of pattern recognition receptors in mouse neuronal cells and brain tissue.

Publications

Innate immune mechanisms in Japanese encephalitis virus infection: effect on transcription of pattern recognition receptors in mouse neuronal cells and brain tissue.

Similar Datasets

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