Dataset Information

Sex Differences in Correlates of Intermediate Phenotypes and Prevalent Cardiovascular Disease in the General Population.

ABSTRACT:

Background

There are marked sex differences in cardiovascular disease (CVD) manifestation. It is largely unknown how the distribution of CVD risk factors or intermediate phenotypes explain sex-specific differences.

Methods and results

In 5000 individuals of the population-based Gutenberg Health Study, mean age 55?±?11?years, 51% males, we examined sex-specific associations of classical CVD risk factors with intima-media thickness, ankle-brachial index, flow-mediated dilation, peripheral arterial tonometry, echocardiographic, and electrocardiographic variables. Intermediate cardiovascular phenotypes were related to prevalent CVD [coronary artery disease, heart failure, stroke, myocardial infarction, lower extremity artery disease (LEAD) N?=?561]. We observed differential distributions of CVD risk factors with a higher risk factor burden in men. Manifest coronary artery disease, stroke, myocardial infarction, and LEAD were more frequent in men; the proportion of heart failure was higher in women. Intermediate phenotypes showed clear sex differences with more beneficial values in women. Fairly linear changes toward less beneficial values with age were observed in both sexes. In multivariable-adjusted regression analyses, age, systolic blood pressure, and body mass index were consistently associated with intermediate phenotypes in both sexes with different ranking according to random forests, maximum model R(2) 0.43. Risk factor-adjusted associations with prevalent CVD showed some differences by sex. No interactions by menopausal status were observed.

Conclusion

In a population-based cohort, we observed sex differences in risk factors and a broad range of intermediate phenotypes of non-invasive cardiovascular structure and function. Their relation to prevalent CVD differed markedly. Our results indicate the need of future investigations to understand sex differences in CVD manifestation.

SUBMITTER: Schnabel RB

PROVIDER: S-EPMC4671364 | biostudies-literature | 2015

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Publications

Sex Differences in Correlates of Intermediate Phenotypes and Prevalent Cardiovascular Disease in the General Population.

Schnabel Renate B RB Wild Philipp S PS Prochaska Jürgen H JH Ojeda Francisco M FM Zeller Tanja T Rzayeva Nargiz N Ebrahim Ariana A Lackner Karl J KJ Beutel Manfred E ME Pfeiffer Norbert N Sinning Christoph R CR Oertelt-Prigione Sabine S Regitz-Zagrosek Vera V Binder Harald H Münzel Thomas T Blankenberg Stefan S

Frontiers in cardiovascular medicine 20150415

<h4>Background</h4>There are marked sex differences in cardiovascular disease (CVD) manifestation. It is largely unknown how the distribution of CVD risk factors or intermediate phenotypes explain sex-specific differences.<h4>Methods and results</h4>In 5000 individuals of the population-based Gutenberg Health Study, mean age 55 ± 11 years, 51% males, we examined sex-specific associations of classical CVD risk factors with intima-media thickness, ankle-brachial index, flow-mediated dilation, peri ...[more]

PMID: 26664887

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Project description:Autobiographical memory (AM) underlies the formation and temporal continuity over time of personal identity. The few studies on sex-related differences in AM suggest that men and women adopt different cognitive or emotional strategies when retrieving AMs. However, none of the previous works has taken into account the distinction between episodic autobiographical memory (EAM), consisting in the retrieval of specific events by means of mental time travel, and semantic autobiographical memory (SAM), which stores general personal events. Thus, it remains unclear whether differences in these strategies depend on the nature of the memory content to be retrieved. In the present study we employed functional MRI to examine brain activity underlying potential sex differences in EAM and SAM retrieval focusing on the differences in strategies related to the emotional aspects of memories while controlling for basic cognitive strategies. On the behavioral level, there was no significant sex difference in memory performances or subjective feature ratings of either type of AM. Activations common to men and women during AM retrieval were observed in a typical bilateral network comprising medial and lateral temporal regions, precuneus, occipital cortex as well as prefrontal cortex. Contrast analyses revealed that there was no difference between men and women in the EAM condition. In the SAM condition, women showed an increased activity, compared to men, in the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex, inferior parietal and precentral gyrus. Overall, these findings suggest that differential neural activations reflect sex-specific strategies related to emotional aspects of AMs, particularly regarding SAM. We propose that this pattern of activation during SAM retrieval reflects the cognitive cost linked to emotion regulation strategies recruited by women compared to men. These sex-related differences have interesting implications for understanding psychiatric disorders with differential sex prevalence and in which one of key features is overgenerality in AM.

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Dataset Information

Sex Differences in Correlates of Intermediate Phenotypes and Prevalent Cardiovascular Disease in the General Population.

Background

Methods and results

Conclusion

Publications

Sex Differences in Correlates of Intermediate Phenotypes and Prevalent Cardiovascular Disease in the General Population.

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