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One Small Step for Empagliflozin, One Giant Leap for Diabetology.

ABSTRACT: This article discusses the recently published EMPA-REG OUTCOME trial, which assessed cardiovascular outcomes with empagliflozin therapy in persons with type 2 diabetes mellitus and coexisting cardiovascular disease. The article describes the background and challenges of modern cardiovascular outcome trials, points out the strengths of the EMPA-REG OUTCOME study, and places the results in perspective. It highlights the significant impact that these results will have on cardiovascular preventive pharmacotherapy, and on future drug development in diabetes. At the same time, it reminds readers of the limitations of the results, and lists the questions raised by, or left unanswered by, the trial.

SUBMITTER: Kalra S

PROVIDER: S-EPMC4674475 | biostudies-literature | 2015 Dec

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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One Small Step for Empagliflozin, One Giant Leap for Diabetology.

Kalra Sanjay S

Diabetes therapy : research, treatment and education of diabetes and related disorders 20151104 4

This article discusses the recently published EMPA-REG OUTCOME trial, which assessed cardiovascular outcomes with empagliflozin therapy in persons with type 2 diabetes mellitus and coexisting cardiovascular disease. The article describes the background and challenges of modern cardiovascular outcome trials, points out the strengths of the EMPA-REG OUTCOME study, and places the results in perspective. It highlights the significant impact that these results will have on cardiovascular preventive p ...[more]

PMID: 26537704

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Project description:Recent technological improvements have made possible the development of lightweight GPS-tagging devices suitable to track medium-to-small sized animals. However, current inferences concerning GPS performance are based on heavier designs, suitable only for large mammals. Lightweight GPS-units are deployed close to the ground, on species selecting micro-topographical features and with different behavioural patterns in comparison to larger mammal species. We assessed the effects of vegetation, topography, motion, and behaviour on the fix success rate for lightweight GPS-collar across a range of natural environments, and at the scale of perception of feral cats (Felis catus). Units deployed at 20 cm above the ground in sites of varied vegetation and topography showed that trees (native forest) and shrub cover had the largest influence on fix success rate (89% on average); whereas tree cover, sky availability, number of satellites and horizontal dilution of position (HDOP) were the main variables affecting location error (±39.5 m and ±27.6 m before and after filtering outlier fixes). Tests on HDOP or number of satellites-based screening methods to remove inaccurate locations achieved only a small reduction of error and discarded many accurate locations. Mobility tests were used to simulate cats' motion, revealing a slightly lower performance as compared to the fixed sites. GPS-collars deployed on 43 cats showed no difference in fix success rate by sex or season. Overall, fix success rate and location error values were within the range of previous tests carried out with collars designed for larger species. Lightweight GPS-tags are a suitable method to track medium to small size species, hence increasing the range of opportunities for spatial ecology research. However, the effects of vegetation, topography and behaviour on location error and fix success rate need to be evaluated prior to deployment, for the particular study species and their habitats.

Dataset Information

One Small Step for Empagliflozin, One Giant Leap for Diabetology.

Publications

One Small Step for Empagliflozin, One Giant Leap for Diabetology.

Similar Datasets

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