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A Report of Three Cases With Acquired Generalized Lipodystrophy With Distinct Autoimmune Conditions Treated With Metreleptin.

ABSTRACT: CONTEXT:Acquired generalized lipodystrophy (AGL) is associated with leptin deficiency as a result of adipose tissue loss and hypertriglyceridemia, insulin resistance, and hepatic steatosis. It may coexist with other autoimmune diseases such as Hashimoto's thyroiditis, rheumatoid arthritis, hemolytic anemia, and chronic active hepatitis. Metreleptin therapy has been shown to improve metabolic abnormalities in lipodystrophy, but the effect on AGL patients with active autoimmune disease is unknown. CASE DESCRIPTION:We report 3 cases of pediatric patients with AGL and distinct active autoimmune diseases who were treated with metreleptin over a period of 4-6 years. Case 1 is a 9-year-old girl with active juvenile dermatomyositis, who was successfully treated with leptin with no worsening of her dermatomoysitis. Case 2 is a 16-year-old female with Graves' disease, who could discontinue all her antidiabetic medication completely with improved triglyceride levels. Case 3 is an 11-year-old boy with active autoimmune hepatitis and chronic urticaria, whose hyperphagia has resolved and his liver enzymes and hepatosplenomegaly have improved. CONCLUSION:Metreleptin therapy is of considerable clinical benefit to reduce insulin resistance and hypertriglyceridemia and did not appear to alter the clinical course of autoimmune disease nor clinical efficacy of immunosuppressive treatments. Our observations suggest that risk or presence of autoimmune disease should not lead to withholding of metreleptin treatment from patients with AGL, but should prompt close clinical follow up in light of cautionary preclinical data.

SUBMITTER: Lebastchi J

PROVIDER: S-EPMC4702455 | biostudies-literature | 2015 Nov

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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A Report of Three Cases With Acquired Generalized Lipodystrophy With Distinct Autoimmune Conditions Treated With Metreleptin.

Lebastchi Jasmin J Ajluni Nevin N Neidert Adam A Oral Elif A EA

The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism 20150921 11

<h4>Context</h4>Acquired generalized lipodystrophy (AGL) is associated with leptin deficiency as a result of adipose tissue loss and hypertriglyceridemia, insulin resistance, and hepatic steatosis. It may coexist with other autoimmune diseases such as Hashimoto's thyroiditis, rheumatoid arthritis, hemolytic anemia, and chronic active hepatitis. Metreleptin therapy has been shown to improve metabolic abnormalities in lipodystrophy, but the effect on AGL patients with active autoimmune disease is ...[more]

PMID: 26390101

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Project description:Childhood cancer survivors (CCSs) who have undergone bone marrow transplantation with systemic chemotherapy and whole-body irradiation often experience impaired glucose tolerance with marked insulin resistance. Incomplete acquired diabetic lipodystrophy should be considered as a late complication of bone marrow transplantation. A 24-year-old Japanese female patient with incomplete acquired lipodystrophy, a CCS of acute lymphocytic leukemia at the age of 3 years, was treated for diabetes mellitus and dyslipidemia at our hospital. Administration of multiple daily insulin injections (70 units/day), and oral administration of 500 mg/day metformin, 15 mg/day pioglitazone, and 200 mg/day bezafibrate had proven ineffective for her metabolic disorders. Subcutaneous administration of metreleptin improved her insulin resistance and hypertriglyceridemia within a month; however, it failed to maintain adequate plasma glucose levels in the long term. When oral administration of 10 mg/day empagliflozin was added to the metreleptin supplementation, her HbA1c value (National Glycohemoglobin Standardization Program) improved from 11% to 8%, which was maintained for an additional 18 months. This is the first case report of incomplete lipodystrophy that shows efficacy of a combination therapy with metreleptin and a sodium glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitor for the treatment of diabetes and dyslipidemia. An SGLT2 inhibitor attenuates hyperglycemia through urinary glucose excretion and has been suggested to enhance lipid catabolism in the extra-adipose tissues, especially in the liver and skeletal muscles. Furthermore, metreleptin supplementation could enhance the action of the SGLT2 inhibitor by promoting satiety and lipolysis through the central nervous system. Combination therapy with metreleptin and an SGLT2 inhibitor was suggested to recover the volume of adipose tissue, possibly through improvement of insulin resistance in the adipose tissue. This report highlights the pathophysiological mechanism of an SGLT2 inhibitor in the improvement of glucose metabolism in non-healthy lean CCSs with insulin resistance. Administration of SGLT2 inhibitor, along with metreleptin supplementation, could be a good alternative therapy for diabetic lipodystrophy observed in CCSs.

Project description:Lipodystrophies are extreme forms of metabolic syndrome. Metreleptin was approved in the United States for generalized lipodystrophy (GLD) but not partial lipodystrophy (PLD).The objective of the study was to test metreleptin's efficacy in PLD vs GLD and find predictors for treatment response.This was a prospective, single-arm, open-label study since 2000 with continuous enrollment. Current analysis included metreleptin treatment for 6 months or longer as of January 2014.The study was conducted at the National Institutes of Health (Bethesda, Maryland).Patients clinically diagnosed with lipodystrophy, leptin less than 8 ng/mL (males) or less than 12 (females), age older than 6 months, and one or more metabolic abnormalities (diabetes, insulin resistance, or hypertriglyceridemia) participated in the study.The interventions included sc metreleptin injections (0.06-0.24 mg/kg · d).Changes in glycated hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) and triglycerides after 6 and 12 months of metreleptin were measured.Baseline metabolic parameters were similar in 55 GLD [HbA1c 8.4% ± 2.3%; triglycerides, geometric mean (25th, 75th percentile), 467 mg/dL (200, 847)] and 31 PLD patients [HbA1c 8.1% ± 2.2%, triglycerides 483 mg/dL (232, 856)] despite different body fat and endogenous leptin. At 12 months, metreleptin decreased HbA1c (to 6.4% ± 1.5%, GLD, P < .001; 7.3% ± 1.6%, PLD, P = .004) and triglycerides [to 180 mg/dL (106, 312), GLD, P < .001; 326 mg/dL (175, 478), PLD, P = .02]. HbA1c and triglyceride changes over time significantly differed between GLD and PLD. In subgroup analyses, metreleptin improved HbA1c and triglycerides in all GLD subgroups except those with baseline triglycerides less than 300 mg/dL and all PLD subgroups except baseline triglycerides less than 500 mg/dL, HbA1c less than 8%, or endogenous leptin greater than 4 ng/mL.In addition to its proven efficacy in GLD, metreleptin is effective in selected PLD patients with severe metabolic derangements or low leptin.

Project description:Abstract Background: Congenital generalized lipodystrophy (CGL) is a rare inherited disease characterized by widespread loss of subcutaneous fat and severe metabolic abnormalities. Metreleptin, a synthetic analog of leptin, is a treatment modality that has been shown to decrease fasting triglycerides, fasting glucose, and HbA1c. Metformin use in infants has only been described in a few case reports of CGL and Donohue syndrome (insulin receptor mutation), and there is no established dosing for this age group. We report metreleptin, insulin, and metformin use in an infant with type 1 CGL who presented with marked hypertriglyceridemia, hypoleptinemia, hyperglycemia, and transaminitis. Clinical Case: A 2-month-old African American female born SGA at term presented to her primary care physician for a well child check where she was noted to have poor weight gain, hyperphagia, and abdominal distension. She was subsequently admitted for failure to thrive with weight z-score of -2.17 and length z-score of -0.15. Initial labs were notable for triglycerides of 5,167 mg/dL, HDL 10 mg/dL, blood glucose 324 mg/dL, ALT 212 units/L, AST 215 units/L, and bicarbonate of 17 mmol/L. A random insulin level was elevated at 257 mcIU/mL. Adiponectin was undetectable and leptin was low at 0.3 ng/mL. Hemoglobin A1c was in diabetes mellitus range at 8.9%. She was started on detemir 1.0 units/kg/day on day 1 (titrated to a maximum dose of 4.4 units/kg/day) and metformin 50 mg/kg/day on day 3 of hospitalization. By day 4, triglycerides decreased to 758 mg/dL, AST to 119 units/L and ALT to 124 units/L. Pre-prandial glucoses improved ranging from 113 to 138 mg/dL. As her insurance denied coverage for detemir, she was discharged home on glargine 0.7 units/kg/day and metformin suspension. One month later, she was started on subcutaneous metreleptin, and glargine was discontinued. At 5 months of age, she had triglycerides 229 mg/dl, normal liver enzymes, and normal blood glucoses while on 0.056 mg/kg/day of subcutaneous metreleptin and metformin. Medications were well tolerated without side effects. She had improved growth and met all developmental milestones. Genetic evaluation revealed that she was homozygous for a pathogenic variant, c.589-2A>G; p.Gln196fs*228 (rs116807569), in the AGPAT2 gene. Conclusion: Leptin is important in regulation of lipid and glucose metabolism, and patients with CGL are deficient due to lack of adipose tissue. Metabolic abnormalities, including stabilization of glucoses and improved hypertriglyceridemia, in our patient markedly improved with initiation of metreleptin, metformin, and insulin. We present successful dosing of these treatment modalities without adverse reactions in an infant with CGL.

Project description:Lipodystrophy syndromes are rare disorders of deficient adipose tissue. Metreleptin, a human analog of leptin, improved metabolic abnormalities in mixed cohorts of children and adults with lipodystrophy and low leptin.Determine effects of metreleptin on diabetes, hyperlipidemia, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), growth, and puberty in pediatric patients with lipodystrophy and low leptin.Prospective, single-arm, open-label studies with continuous enrollment since 2000.National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland.Fifty-three patients aged 6 months to <18 years with lipodystrophy, leptin level <8 ng/mL (male patients) or <12 ng/mL (female patients), and ?1 metabolic abnormality (diabetes, insulin resistance, or hypertriglyceridemia).Subcutaneous metreleptin injections (0.04 to 0.19 mg/kg/d).Change in A1c, lipid, and transaminase levels after a mean ± standard deviation (SD) of 12 ± 0.2 months and 61 ± 39 months. Changes in liver histology, growth, and pubertal development throughout treatment.After 12 months, the A1c level (mean ± SD) decreased from 8.3% ± 2.4% to 6.5% ± 1.8%, and median triglyceride level decreased from 374 mg/dL [geometric mean (25th,75th percentile), 190, 1065] to 189 mg/dL (112, 334; P < 0.0001), despite decreased glucose- and lipid-lowering medications. The median [geometric mean (25th,75th percentile)] alanine aminotransferase level decreased from 73 U/L (45, 126) to 41 U/L (25, 59; P = 0.001), and that of aspartate aminotransferase decreased from 51 U/L (29, 90) to 26 U/L (18, 42; P = 0.0002). These improvements were maintained over long-term treatment. In 17 patients who underwent paired biopsies, the NAFLD activity score (mean ± SD) decreased from 4.5 ± 2.0 to 3.4 ± 2.0 after 3.3 ± 3.2 years of metreleptin therapy (P = 0.03). There were no clinically significant changes in growth or puberty.Metreleptin lowered A1c and triglyceride levels, and improved biomarkers of NAFLD in pediatric patients with lipodystrophy. These improvements are likely to reduce the lifetime burden of disease.

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A Report of Three Cases With Acquired Generalized Lipodystrophy With Distinct Autoimmune Conditions Treated With Metreleptin.

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A Report of Three Cases With Acquired Generalized Lipodystrophy With Distinct Autoimmune Conditions Treated With Metreleptin.

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