Browse
Submit Data
Databases
API
Help

Dataset Information

0 Views

0 Connections

0 Citations

0 Reanalyses

0 Downloads

Omics score: 0

An Update on Clostridium difficile Toxinotyping.

ABSTRACT: Toxinotyping is a PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP)-based method for differentiation of Clostridium difficile strains according to the changes in the pathogenicity locus (PaLoc), a region coding for toxins A and B. Toxinotypes are a heterogenous group of strains that are important in the development of molecular diagnostic tests and vaccines and are a good basis for C. difficile phylogenetic studies. Here we describe an overview of the 34 currently known toxinotypes (I to XXXIV) and some changes in nomenclature.

SUBMITTER: Rupnik M

PROVIDER: S-EPMC4702747 | biostudies-literature | 2016 Jan

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

ACCESS DATA

Json Xml

Publications

An Update on Clostridium difficile Toxinotyping.

Rupnik Maja M Janezic Sandra S

Journal of clinical microbiology 20151028 1

Toxinotyping is a PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP)-based method for differentiation of Clostridium difficile strains according to the changes in the pathogenicity locus (PaLoc), a region coding for toxins A and B. Toxinotypes are a heterogenous group of strains that are important in the development of molecular diagnostic tests and vaccines and are a good basis for C. difficile phylogenetic studies. Here we describe an overview of the 34 currently known toxinotypes (I to XXXIV ...[more]

PMID: 26511734

Similar Datasets

Toxinotyping and Sequencing of Clostridium difficile Isolates from Patients in a Tertiary Care Hospital of Northern India.

Project description:BACKGROUND:Clostridium difficile is an important cause of infectious colitis among hospitalized patients across the globe. The pathogenic potential of C. difficile in producing significant morbidity and mortality is mainly due to production of toxins A and B. The outbreaks of C. difficile infection (CDI) are due to changes in the genetic sequences of the organism. There is hardly any molecular study reported on the prevalent types of C. difficile strains in India. Toxinotyping and sequencing of locally circulating C. difficile isolates from patients presenting to our tertiary care center of North India were done. MATERIALS AND METHODS:C. difficile strains (n?=?174) isolated from 1,110 fecal samples from patients with suspected CDI were subjected to toxinotyping and partial sequencing of tcdA and tcdB genes. Comparison of nucleotide sequences with reference C. difficile 630 strain using BLAST was made and translated into corresponding amino acid sequences by ExPASy. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION:Of 174 C. difficile isolates, 121 were toxigenic, belonging to toxinotype 0 (n?=?76) and VIII (n?=?45). Partial sequencing of toxin genes using bioinformatics approaches revealed changes in toxin A sequences of five (50%) C. difficile isolates, but the translated nucleotide sequences showed substitution in only three of them. No variation was seen in the toxin B nucleotide sequences. Interstrain variations were found in the clinical C. difficile isolates in our region. CONCLUSION:PCR amplified toxigenic genes followed by sequencing can help to identify genetic changes and pathogenicity of varied collection of C. difficile isolates.

| S-EPMC5368245 | biostudies-literature

Management of Primary and Recurrent Clostridium difficile Infection: An Update.

Project description:BACKGROUND:Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) is one of the most common healthcare-associated infections (HAI) in the United States and Canada, and incidence rates have increased worldwide in recent decades. Currently, antibiotics are the mainstay treatments for both primary and recurrent CDI, but their efficacy is limited, prompting further therapies to be developed. Aim: This review summarizes current and emerging therapies in CDI management including antibiotics, fecal microbiota transplantation, monoclonal antibodies, spore-based therapies, and vaccinations.

| S-EPMC6163576 | biostudies-other

Modeling Clostridium difficile infections

Project description:Clostridium difficile (Cd) is a gram-positive, spore-forming bacterium and the primary cause of nosocomial diarrhea and pseudomembranous colitis. The pathogenicity of Cd has been linked to its production of TcdA and TcdB. While they cause fluid secretion, inflammation, and colonic damage, their respective and synergistic roles have been difficult to ascertain. In infection animal model, TcdB has been demonstrated to be a key virulence factor, and TcdB causes obvious damage in human and porcine colonic explants. Using the colonic epithelia derived from cloned colonic stem cells, we have developed a model to test the response to TcdB. Epithelia generated in air-liquid interface cultures from cloned transverse colon stem cells were challenged with TcdB at different concentrations and durations.

2015-05-29 | GSE63880 | GEO

Clostridium difficile infection.

Project description:Infection of the colon with the Gram-positive bacterium Clostridium difficile is potentially life threatening, especially in elderly people and in patients who have dysbiosis of the gut microbiota following antimicrobial drug exposure. C. difficile is the leading cause of health-care-associated infective diarrhoea. The life cycle of C. difficile is influenced by antimicrobial agents, the host immune system, and the host microbiota and its associated metabolites. The primary mediators of inflammation in C. difficile infection (CDI) are large clostridial toxins, toxin A (TcdA) and toxin B (TcdB), and, in some bacterial strains, the binary toxin CDT. The toxins trigger a complex cascade of host cellular responses to cause diarrhoea, inflammation and tissue necrosis - the major symptoms of CDI. The factors responsible for the epidemic of some C. difficile strains are poorly understood. Recurrent infections are common and can be debilitating. Toxin detection for diagnosis is important for accurate epidemiological study, and for optimal management and prevention strategies. Infections are commonly treated with specific antimicrobial agents, but faecal microbiota transplants have shown promise for recurrent infections. Future biotherapies for C. difficile infections are likely to involve defined combinations of key gut microbiota.

| S-EPMC5453186 | biostudies-literature

Clostridium difficile Infection.

Project description:Clostridium difficile is an anaerobic, Gram-positive, spore-forming, toxin-secreting bacillus that has long been recognized to be the most common etiologic pathogen of antibiotic-associated diarrhea. C. difficile infection (CDI) is now the most common cause of health care-associated infections in the United States and accounts for 12% of these infections (Magill SS et al., N Engl J Med370:1198-1208, 2014). Among emerging pathogens of public health importance in the United States, CDI has the highest population-based incidence, estimated at 147 per 100,000 (Lessa FC et al., N Engl J Med372:825-834, 2015). In a report on antimicrobial resistance, C. difficile has been categorized by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention as one of three "urgent" threats (http://www.cdc.gov/drugresistance/threat-report-2013/). Although C. difficile was first described in the late 1970s, the past decade has seen the emergence of hypertoxigenic strains that have caused increased morbidity and mortality worldwide. Pathogenic strains, host susceptibility, and other regional factors vary and may influence the clinical manifestation and approach to intervention. In this article, we describe the global epidemiology of CDI featuring the different strains in circulation outside of North America and Europe where strain NAP1/027/BI/III had originally gained prominence. The elderly population in health care settings has been disproportionately affected, but emergence of CDI in children and healthy young adults in community settings has, likewise, been reported. New approaches in management, including fecal microbiota transplantation, are discussed.

| S-EPMC8118380 | biostudies-literature

Pathogenicity locus determinants and toxinotyping of <i>Clostridioides difficile</i> isolates recovered from Iranian patients.

Project description:Little is known about the toxin profiles, toxinotypes and variations of toxin Clostridioides difficile C (tcdC) in Iranian C. difficile isolates. A total of 818 stool specimens were obtained from outpatients (n = 45) and hospitalized patients (n = 773) in Tehran, Iran, from 2011 to 2017. The 44 C. difficile isolates were subjected to PCR of toxin C. difficile A (tcdA), toxin C. difficile B (tcdB), tcdA 3'-end deletion, toxinotyping and sequencing of the tcdC gene. Thirty-eight isolates (86.36%) were identified as tcdA and tcdB positive, and the remaining six isolates (13.63%) were nontoxigenic. All tcdA- and tcdB-positive isolates yielded an amplicon of 2535 bp by PCR for the tcdA 3' end. Fourteen (36.84%), seventeen (44.73%) and seven (18.43%) isolates belonged to wild-type, toxin C. difficile C subclone3 (tcdC-sc3) and tcdC-A genotype of tcdC, respectively. Thirty-one isolates (81.57%) belonged to toxinotype 0, and seven isolates (18.42%) were classified as toxinotype V. This study provides evidence for the circulation of historical and hypervirulent isolates in the healthcare and community settings. Furthermore, it was also demonstrated that the tcdC-A genotype and toxinotype V are not uncommon among Iranian C. difficile isolates.

| S-EPMC6072886 | biostudies-literature

Clostridium difficile response to oxygen

Project description:C. difficile was grown in either anaerobic conditions or 2% oxygen and gene expression was compared

2018-01-14 | GSE109175 | GEO

Targeting Clostridium difficile Surface Components to Develop Immunotherapeutic Strategies Against Clostridium difficile Infection.

Project description:New therapies are needed to prevent and treat Clostridium difficile infection and to limit the rise in antibiotic resistance. Besides toxins, several surface components have been characterized as colonization factors and have been shown as immunogenic. This review will focus on passive and active immunization strategies targeting C. difficile surface components to combat C. difficile. Concerning passive immunization, the first strategies used antisera raised against the entire bacterium to prevent infection in the hamster model. Then, surface components such as the flagellin and the S-layer proteins were used for immunization and the passive transfer of antibodies was protective in animal models. Passive immunotherapy with polyvalent immunoglobulins was used in humans and bovine immunoglobulin concentrates were evaluated in clinical trials. Concerning active immunization, vaccine assays targeting surface components were tested mainly in animal models, mouse models of colonization and hamster models of infection. Bacterial extracts, spore proteins and surface components of vegetative cells such as cell wall proteins, flagellar proteins, and polysaccharides were used as vaccine targets. Vaccine assays were performed by parenteral and mucosal routes of immunization. Both gave promising results and pave the way to development of new vaccines.

| S-EPMC5974105 | biostudies-literature

Vaccines against Clostridium difficile.

Project description:Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) is recognized as a major cause of nosocomial diseases ranging from antibiotic related diarrhea to fulminant colitis. Emergence during the last 2 decades of C. difficile strains associated with high incidence, severity and lethal outcomes has increased the challenges for CDI treatment. A limited number of drugs have proven to be effective against CDI and concerns about antibiotic resistance as well as recurring disease solicited the search for novel therapeutic strategies. Active vaccination provides the attractive opportunity to prevent CDI, and intense research in recent years led to development of experimental vaccines, 3 of which are currently under clinical evaluation. This review summarizes recent achievements and remaining challenges in the field of C. difficile vaccines, and discusses future perspectives in view of newly-identified candidate antigens.

| S-EPMC4916490 | biostudies-other

Vaccines against Clostridium difficile.

| S-EPMC5396221 | biostudies-literature