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Age-related changes of dental pulp tissue after experimental tooth movement in rats.

ABSTRACT: It is generally accepted that the effect of orthodontic tooth movement on the dental pulp in adolescents is reversible and that it has no long-lasting effect on pulpal physiology. However, it is not clear yet if the same conclusion is also valid for adult subjects. Thus, in two groups of rats, aged 6 and 40 weeks respectively, 3 molars at one side of the maxilla were moved together in a mesial direction with a standardized orthodontic appliance delivering a force of 10 cN. The contralateral side served as a control. Parasagittal histological sections were prepared after tooth movement for 1, 2, 4, 8, and 12 weeks. The pulp tissue was characterized for the different groups, with special emphasis on cell density, inflammatory cells, vascularity, and odontoblasts. Dimensions of dentin and the pulpal horns was determined and related with the duration of orthodontic force application and age ware evaluated. We found that neither in young nor in adult rats, force application led to long-lasting or irreversible changes in pulpal tissues. Dimensional variables showed significant age-related changes. In conclusion, orthodontic tooth movement per se has no long-lasting or irreversible effect on pulpal tissues, neither in the young nor in the adult animals.

SUBMITTER: Von Bohl M

PROVIDER: S-EPMC4741077 | biostudies-literature | 2016

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Age-related changes of dental pulp tissue after experimental tooth movement in rats.

Von Böhl Martina M Ren Yijin Y Kuijpers-Jagtman Anne M AM Fudalej Piotr S PS Maltha Jaap C JC

PeerJ 20160125

It is generally accepted that the effect of orthodontic tooth movement on the dental pulp in adolescents is reversible and that it has no long-lasting effect on pulpal physiology. However, it is not clear yet if the same conclusion is also valid for adult subjects. Thus, in two groups of rats, aged 6 and 40 weeks respectively, 3 molars at one side of the maxilla were moved together in a mesial direction with a standardized orthodontic appliance delivering a force of 10 cN. The contralateral side ...[more]

PMID: 26855867

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Project description:BackgroundOrthodontic treatment may result in undesirable side effects, such as root resorption and a decrease in the size of the pulp tissue which could be associated with the duration of the orthodontic treatment. Piezocision-assisted tooth movement was introduced as a minimally invasive surgical procedure to shorten orthodontic treatment time. This prospective randomized clinical trial was aimed to compare the pulp volume changes of maxillary anterior teeth after en-masse retraction with or without piezocision-assisted orthodontics.MethodsPatients who required orthodontic treatment with bilateral maxillary first premolar extractions and en-masse retraction were recruited. Patients were randomly divided into extraction with piezocision, or only extraction, serving as controls. Pulp volume and root length changes of the maxillary six anterior teeth were measured and compared between the two groups using a 3-Dimensional analytical software. Paired and independent sample t-tests were used to compare within and between groups. Bivariate correlation was done between the mean change in pulp volume and its corresponding root length. The significance level was set at α = 0.05.ResultsA total of 23 patients were included, 12 in the piezocision, and 11 in the control group. At the end of the en-masse retraction phase, (mean = 122.74 ± 3.06 days) pulp volume was significantly decreased in all six anterior teeth in both groups (P < 0.01). The decrease in pulp volume was not statistically different between both groups, (P > 0.05). There was a statistically significant but moderate correlation only between the pulp volume change of the right canine and its root length, r = 0.44, P = 0.034.ConclusionsThe effect of piezocision-assisted orthodontic tooth movement on the pulp volume was comparable to the conventional orthodontic treatment. The degree of change in pulp volume does not appear to be related to the amount of root resorption. Trial registration NCT03180151. Registered December 25, 2016, retrospectively registered, https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/record/NCT03180151 .

Project description:The novel aspect of this study was to contextualize the co-localization of biomolecular expression in widened and narrowed periodontal ligament (PDL)-space within a mechanically activated periodontal complex. The PDL is unique as it is the only ligament with both innervation and vascularization. Maxillary molars in 6-week-old male C57BL/6 mice (N = 5) were experimentally translated for 2 weeks using an elastic spacer. Contralateral teeth were used as controls. Mechanical testing of the periodontal complex of a mouse in situ and imaging using X-ray micro-computed tomography (micro-XCT) illustrated deformations within blood vessels (BV) of the PDL. PDL-bone and PDL-cementum entheses at the widened and narrowed PDL-spaces following experimental tooth movement (ETM) illustrated osterix (OSX), bone sialoprotein (BSP), cluster of differentiation 146 (CD146), and protein gene product 9.5 (PGP9.5), indicating active remodeling at these sites. PGP9.5 positive nerve bundles (NBs) were co-localized with multinucleated cells (MCs), Howship's resorption lacunae, and CD146 positive BVs. Association between nerves and MC was complemented by visualizing the proximity of osmium tetroxide stained NBs with the ultrastructure of MCs by performing scanning transmission electron microscopy. Spatial association of NB with BV, and NB with MC, provided insights into the plausible co-activation of NBs to initiate osteoclastic activity. Resorption of mineral occurred as an attempt to restore PDL-space of the load-bearing complex, specifically at the PDL-entheses. Mapping of anatomy-specific structural elements and their association with regenerative molecules by correlating light and electron micrographs provided insights into the use of these extracellular matrix molecules as plausible targets for pharmacological interventions related to tooth movement. Within the realm of tissue regeneration, modulation of load can reverse naturally occurring mineral formation to experimentally induced resorption, and naturally occurring mineral resorption to experimentally induced formation at the enthesial sites to permit tooth translation.

Project description:BACKGROUND:Accelerated tooth movement has been a topic of interest for orthodontic research recently. Surgically facilitated orthodontic treatment has been shown to be an effective approach to accelerate tooth movement; however, it remains invasive, requires additional surgery, and may increase post-operative complications. In this study, we evaluate the effects of extracorporeal shockwave treatment (ESWT), a non-invasive approach to regenerate alveolar bone, on orthodontic tooth movement in rats. MATERIALS AND METHODS:Seventy-two male rats, aged 10 weeks old, were subjected to 10-cN closed-coil nickel-titanium springs for unilateral maxillary first molar tooth movement. One group of rats received a single treatment of extracorporeal shockwave treatment at 500 impulses at energy flux density 0.1 mJ/mm2, with a pulse rate of 5 pulses per second immediately after spring installation while the non-ESWT-treated group served as a control group. The rats were sacrificed at day 3, 7, 14, 21 and 28 for tooth movement evaluation and sample analyses. Faxitron radiography, histological, double bone labeling and gene expression analyses were performed. Serum biochemistry was evaluated at day 3, 7 and 28 of the study. Kruskal-Wallis analysis of variance was used to determine the mean difference among groups, and multiple comparisons were analyzed by Mann-Whitney-U tests with a significance level?=?0.05. RESULTS:The results demonstrated that tooth movement in the ESWT-treated rats (0.11 ± 0.07 mm) was impeded compared to the tooth movement in the non-ESWT-treated rats (0.44 ± 0.09 mm). ESWT up-regulated several osteoblastic and osteoclastic gene markers and cytokines; however, the effects on osteoclasts were only transient. Double-fluorescence bone labeling demonstrated that osteoblastic activity increased after ESWT treatment. There was no difference in systemic RANKL/OPG ratio between groups. CONCLUSIONS:ESWT at 500 impulse at energy flux density 0.1 mJ/mm2 increased osteoblast and osteoclast activities and imbalanced bone remodeling resulting in impeded tooth movement in rats.

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Age-related changes of dental pulp tissue after experimental tooth movement in rats.

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Age-related changes of dental pulp tissue after experimental tooth movement in rats.

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