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Purinergic receptor P2RY12-dependent microglial closure of the injured blood-brain barrier.

ABSTRACT: Microglia are integral functional elements of the central nervous system, but the contribution of these cells to the structural integrity of the neurovascular unit has not hitherto been assessed. We show here that following blood-brain barrier (BBB) breakdown, P2RY12 (purinergic receptor P2Y, G-protein coupled, 12)-mediated chemotaxis of microglia processes is required for the rapid closure of the BBB. Mice treated with the P2RY12 inhibitor clopidogrel, as well as those in which P2RY12 was genetically ablated, exhibited significantly diminished movement of juxtavascular microglial processes and failed to close laser-induced openings of the BBB. Thus, microglial cells play a previously unrecognized protective role in the maintenance of BBB integrity following cerebrovascular damage. Because clopidogrel antagonizes the platelet P2Y12 receptor, it is widely prescribed for patients with coronary artery and cerebrovascular disease. As such, these observations suggest the need for caution in the postincident continuation of P2RY12-targeted platelet inhibition.

SUBMITTER: Lou N

PROVIDER: S-EPMC4743790 | biostudies-literature | 2016 Jan

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Purinergic receptor P2RY12-dependent microglial closure of the injured blood-brain barrier.

Lou Nanhong N Takano Takahiro T Pei Yong Y Xavier Anna L AL Goldman Steven A SA Nedergaard Maiken M

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 20160111 4

Microglia are integral functional elements of the central nervous system, but the contribution of these cells to the structural integrity of the neurovascular unit has not hitherto been assessed. We show here that following blood-brain barrier (BBB) breakdown, P2RY12 (purinergic receptor P2Y, G-protein coupled, 12)-mediated chemotaxis of microglia processes is required for the rapid closure of the BBB. Mice treated with the P2RY12 inhibitor clopidogrel, as well as those in which P2RY12 was genet ...[more]

PMID: 26755608

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Project description:Aim: Hepatic ischemia-reperfusion (HIR) induces remote organs injury, including the brain. The homeostasis of the brain is maintained by the blood-brain barrier (BBB); thus, we aimed to investigate whether HIR impaired BBB and attempted to elucidate its underlying mechanism. Methods: Cell viability of human cerebral microvascular endothelial cells (hCMEC/D3) was measured following 24 h incubation with a serum of HIR rat undergoing 1 h ischemia and 4 h reperfusion, liver homogenate, or lysate of primary hepatocytes of the rat. The liver homogenate was precipitated using (NH4)2SO4 followed by separation on three columns and electrophoresis to identify the toxic molecule. Cell activity, apoptosis, proliferation, cell cycle, and expressions of proteins related to cell cycle were measured in hCMEC/D3 cells incubated with identified toxic molecules. HIR rats undergoing 1 h ischemia and 24 h reperfusion were developed to determine the release of an identified toxic molecule. BBB function was indexed as permeability to fluorescein and brain water. Endothelial cell proliferation and expressions of proteins related to the cell cycle in cerebral microvessels were measured by immunofluorescence and western blot. Results: Toxic molecule to BBB in the liver was identified to be arginase. Arginase inhibitor nor-NOHA efficiently attenuated hCMEC/D3 damage caused by liver homogenate and serum of HIR rats. Both arginase and serum of HIR rats significantly lowered arginine (Arg) in the culture medium. Arg addition efficiently attenuated the impairment of hCMEC/D3 caused by arginase or Arg deficiency, demonstrating that arginase impaired hCMEC/D3 via depriving Arg. Both arginase and Arg deficiency damaged hCMEC/D3 cells by inhibiting cell proliferation, retarding the cell cycle to G1 phase, and downregulating expressions of cyclin A, cyclin D, CDK2, and CDK4. HIR notably increased plasma arginase activity and lowered Arg level, increased the BBB permeability accompanied with enhanced brain water, and decreased the proliferative cells (marked by Ki67) in cerebral microvessels (marked by CD31) and protein expressions of cyclin A, cyclin D, CDK2 and CDK4 in isolated brain microvessels. Oral supplement of Arg remarkably attenuated these HIR-induced alterations. Conclusion: HIR leads to substantial release of arginase from the injured liver and then deprives systemic Arg. The Arg deficiency further impairs BBB via inhibiting the proliferation of brain microvascular endothelial cells by cell cycle arrest.

Dataset Information

Purinergic receptor P2RY12-dependent microglial closure of the injured blood-brain barrier.

Publications

Purinergic receptor P2RY12-dependent microglial closure of the injured blood-brain barrier.

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