Adaptive optics ophthalmoscopy.
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ABSTRACT:
SUBMITTER: Roorda A
PROVIDER: S-EPMC4786023 | biostudies-literature | 2015 Nov
REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature
Publications
Adaptive optics ophthalmoscopy.
Roorda Austin A Duncan Jacque L JL
Annual review of vision science 20151014
This review starts with a brief history and description of adaptive optics (AO) technology, followed by a showcase of the latest capabilities of AO systems for imaging the human retina and an extensive review of the literature on where AO is being used clinically. The review concludes with a discussion on future directions and guidance on usage and interpretation of images from AO systems for the eye. ...[more]
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Project description:Adaptive optics (AO) describes a set of tools to correct or control aberrations in any optical system. In the eye, AO allows for precise control of the ocular aberrations. If used to correct aberrations over a large pupil, for example, cellular level resolution in retinal images can be achieved. AO systems have been demonstrated for advanced ophthalmoscopy as well as for testing and/or improving vision. In fact, AO can be integrated to any ophthalmic instrument where the optics of the eye is involved, with a scope of applications ranging from phoropters to optical coherence tomography systems. In this article, I discuss the applications and advantages of using AO in a specific system, the AO scanning laser ophthalmoscope. Since the Borish award was, in part, awarded to me because of this effort, I felt it appropriate to select this as the topic for this article. Furthermore, users of AO scanning laser ophthalmoscope continue to appreciate the benefits of the technology, some of which were not anticipated at the time of development, and so it is time to revisit this topic and summarize them in a single article.
| S-EPMC2911957 | biostudies-literature
Project description:We present an adaptive optics parallel near-confocal scanning ophthalmoscope (AOPCSO) using a digital micromirror device (DMD). The imaging light is modulated to be a line of point sources by the DMD, illuminating the retina simultaneously. By using a high-speed line camera to acquire the image and using adaptive optics to compensate the ocular wave aberration, the AOPCSO can image the living human eye with cellular level resolution at the frame rate of 100 Hz. AOPCSO has been demonstrated with improved spatial resolution in imaging of the living human retina compared with adaptive optics line scan ophthalmoscopy.
| S-EPMC5218998 | biostudies-other
Project description:Dark cone photoreceptors, defined as those with diminished or absent reflectivity when observed with adaptive optics (AO) ophthalmoscopy, are increasingly reported in retinal disorders. However, their structural and functional impact remain unclear. Here, we report a 3-year longitudinal study on a patient with oligocone trichromacy (OT) who presented with persistent, widespread dark cones within and near the macula. Diminished electroretinogram (ERG) cone but normal ERG rod responses together with normal color vision confirmed the OT diagnosis. In addition, the patient had normal to near normal visual acuity and retinal sensitivity. Occasional dark gaps in the photoreceptor layer were observed on optical coherence tomography, in agreement with reflectance AO scanning light ophthalmoscopy, which revealed that over 50% of the cones in the fovea were dark, increasing to 74% at 10° eccentricity. In addition, the cone density was 78% lower than normal histologic value at the fovea, and 20-40% lower at eccentricities of 5-15°. Interestingly, color vision testing was near normal at locations where cones were predominantly dark. These findings illustrate how a retina with predominant dark cones that persist over at least 3 years can support near normal central retinal function. Furthermore, this study adds to the growing evidence that cones can continue to survive under non-ideal conditions.
| S-EPMC7985087 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Stargardt disease (STGD1) is characterized by macular atrophy and flecks in the retinal pigment epithelium. The causative ABCA4 gene encodes a protein localizing to photoreceptor outer segments. The pathologic steps by which ABCA4 mutations lead to clinically detectable retinal pigment epithelium changes remain unclear. We investigated early STGD1 using adaptive optics scanning light ophthalmoscopy.Adaptive optics scanning light ophthalmoscopy imaging of 2 brothers with early STGD1 and their unaffected parents was compared with conventional imaging. Cone and rod spacing were increased in both patients (P?<?.001) with a dark cone appearance. No foveal cones were detected in the older brother. In the younger brother, foveal cones were enlarged with low density (peak cone density, 48.3?×?103 cones/mm2). The ratio of cone to rod spacing was increased in both patients, with greater divergence from normal approaching the foveal center, indicating that cone loss predominates centrally and rod loss increases peripherally. Both parents had normal photoreceptor mosaics. Genetic testing revealed 3 disease-causing mutations.This study provides in vivo images of rods and cones in STGD1. Although the primary clinical features of STGD1 are retinal pigment epithelial lesions, adaptive optics scanning light ophthalmoscopy reveals increased cone and rod spacing in areas that appear normal in conventional images, suggesting that photoreceptor loss precedes clinically detectable retinal pigment epithelial disease in STGD1.
| S-EPMC4600048 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Purpose:To characterize hallmark diabetic retinopathy (DR) lesions utilizing adaptive optics scanning laser ophthalmoscopy (AOSLO) and to compare AOSLO findings with those on standard imaging techniques. Methods:Cross-sectional study including 35 eyes of 34 study participants. AOSLO confocal and multiply scattered light (MSL) imaging were performed in eyes with DR. Color fundus photographs (CF), infrared images of the macula (Spectralis, Heidelberg), and Spectralis spectral domain optical coherence tomography SDOCT B-scans of each lesion were obtained and registered to corresponding AOSLO images. Main Outcome Measures:Individual lesion characterization by AOSLO imaging. AOSLO appearance was compared with CF and SDOCT imaging. Results:Characterized lesions encompassed 52 microaneurysms (MA), 20 intraretinal microvascular abnormalities (IRMA), 7 neovascularization (NV), 11 hard exudates (HE), 5 dot/blot hemorrhages (HEM), 4 cotton wool spots (CWS), and 14 intraretinal cysts. AOSLO allowed assessment of perfusion in vascular lesions and enabled the identification of vascular lesions that could not be visualized on CF or SDOCT. Conclusions:AOSLO imaging provides detailed, noninvasive in vivo visualization of DR lesions enhancing the assessment of morphological characteristics. These unique AOSLO attributes may enable new insights into the pathological changes of DR in response to disease onset, development, regression, and response to therapy.
| S-EPMC5954931 | biostudies-literature
Project description:PurposeDrusen are dynamic sub-RPE deposits that are risk factors for late-stage age-related macular degeneration (AMD). Here we show a new imaging method using flood-illumination adaptive optics (FIAO) that reveal drusen with high contrast and resolution.MethodsA fovea-centered 4° × 4° FIAO image and eight surrounding images with gaze displaced by ±2° vertically and horizontally were acquired. Clinical color fundus and spectral-domain optical coherence tomography were acquired for clinical grading and comparison. Custom software registered overlapping FIAO images and fused the data statistically to generate a fovea-centered 4° × 4° gaze-dependent image. Our dataset included 15 controls (aged 31-72) and 182 eyes from 104 AMD patients (aged 56-92), graded as either normal aging (n = 7), and early (n = 12), intermediate (n = 108) and late AMD (n = 42); 27 had subretinal drusenoid deposits (SDDs), and 83 were imaged longitudinally.ResultsNo gaze varying structures were detected in young eyes. In aging eyes with no evidence of age-related changes, putative drusen <20 µm in diameter were visible. Gaze-dependent images revealed more drusen and many smaller drusen than visible in color fundus images. Longitudinal images showed expansion and fusion of drusen. SDDs were lower contrast, and RPE atrophy did not yield a consistent signal.ConclusionsGaze-dependent imaging in a commercially available FIAO fundus camera combined with image registration and postprocessing permits visualization of drusen and their progression with high contrast and resolution.Translational relevanceThis new technique offers promise as a robust and sensitive method to detect, map, quantify, and monitor the dynamics of drusen in aging and AMD.
| S-EPMC8709936 | biostudies-literature
Project description:PurposeTo determine whether artifacts in optical coherence tomography (OCT) images are associated with the success or failure of adaptive optics scanning light ophthalmoscopy (AOSLO) imaging in subjects with achromatopsia (ACHM).MethodsPreviously acquired OCT and non-confocal, split-detector AOSLO images from one eye of 66 subjects with genetically confirmed achromatopsia (15 CNGA3 and 51 CNGB3) were reviewed along with best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) and axial length. OCT artifacts in interpolated vertical volumes from CIRRUS macular cubes were divided into four categories: (1) none or minimal, (2) clear and low frequency, (3) low amplitude and high frequency, and (4) high amplitude and high frequency. Each vertical volume was assessed once by two observers. AOSLO success was defined as sufficient image quality in split-detector images at the fovea to assess cone quantity.ResultsThere was excellent agreement between the two observers for assessing OCT artifact severity category (weighted kappa = 0.88). Overall, AOSLO success was 47%. For subjects with OCT artifact severity category 1, AOSLO success was 65%; for category 2, 47%; for category 3, 11%; and for category 4, 0%. There was a significant association between OCT artifact severity category and AOSLO success (P = 0.0002). Neither BCVA nor axial length was associated with AOSLO success (P = 0.07 and P = 0.75, respectively).ConclusionsArtifacts in OCT volumes are associated with AOSLO success in ACHM. Subjects with less severe OCT artifacts are more likely to be good candidates for AOSLO imaging, whereas AOSLO was successful in only 7% of subjects with category 3 or 4 OCT artifacts. These results may be useful in guiding patient selection for AOSLO imaging.Translational relevanceUsing OCT to prescreen patients could be a valuable tool for clinical trials that utilize AOSLO to reduce costs and decrease patient testing burden.
| S-EPMC7804582 | biostudies-literature
Project description:PURPOSE: To assess macular photoreceptor abnormalities in eyes with retinitis pigmentosa (RP) with preserved central vision using adaptive optics scanning laser ophthalmoscopy (AO-SLO). METHODS: Fourteen eyes of 14 patients with RP (best-corrected visual acuity 20/20 or better) and 12 eyes of 12 volunteers underwent a full ophthalmologic examination, fundus autofluorescence, spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT), and imaging with a prototype AO-SLO system. Cone density and spatial organization of the cone mosaic were assessed using AO-SLO images. RESULTS: In 3 eyes with RP and preserved central vision, cones formed a mostly regular mosaic pattern with small patchy dark areas, and in 10 eyes, the cone mosaic patterns were less regular, and large dark regions with missing cones were apparent. Only one eye with RP demonstrated a normal, regular cone mosaic pattern. In eyes with RP, cone density was significantly lower at 0.5 mm and 1.0 mm from the center of the fovea compared to normal eyes (P<0.001 and 0.021, respectively). At 0.5 mm and 1.0 mm from the center of the fovea, a decreased number of cones had 6 neighbors in eyes with RP (P?=?0.002 for both). Greater decrease in cone density was related to disruption of the photoreceptor inner segment (IS) ellipsoid band on SD-OCT images (P?=?0.044); however, dark regions were seen on AO-SLO even in areas of continuous IS ellipsoid on SD-OCT. Decreased cone density correlated thinner outer nuclear layer (P?=?0.029) and thinner inner segment and outer segment thickness (P?=?0.011) on SD-OCT. CONCLUSIONS: Cone density is decreased and the regularity of the cone mosaic spatial arrangement is disrupted in eyes with RP, even when visual acuity and foveal sensitivity are good. AO-SLO imaging is a sensitive quantitative tool for detecting photoreceptor abnormalities in eyes with RP.
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Project description:PurposeTo improve the ability to image the vascular walls in the living human retina using multiply-scattered light imaging with an adaptive optics scanning laser ophthalmoscope (AOSLO).MethodsIn vivo arteriolar wall imaging was performed on eight healthy subjects using the Indiana AOSLO. Noninvasive imaging of vascular mural cells and wall structure were performed using systematic control of the position of a 10× Airy disk confocal aperture. Retinal arteries and arterioles were divided into four groups based on their lumen diameters (group 1: ?100 ?m; group 2: 50-99 ?m; group 3: 10-49 ?m; group 4: <10 ?m).ResultsFine structure of retinal vasculature and scattering behavior of erythrocytes were clearly visualized in all eight subjects. In group 1 vessels the mural cells were flatter and formed the outer layer of regularly spaced cells of a two (or more) layered vascular wall. In the vessels of groups 2 and 3, mural cells were visualized as distinct cells lying along the lumen of the blood vessel, resulting in a wall of irregular thickness. Vascular wall components were not readily identified in group 4 vessels.ConclusionsOur results show that retinal vascular mural cells and wall structure can be readily resolved in healthy subjects using AOSLO with multiply scattered light imaging for retinal vessels with a lumen diameter greater than or equal to 10 ?m. Our noninvasive imaging approach allows direct assessment of the cellular structure of the vascular wall in vivo with potential applications in retinal vascular diseases such as diabetes and hypertension.
| S-EPMC3813321 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Purpose:To investigate longitudinal changes in the retinal nerve fiber bundle in eyes with primary open angle glaucoma using adaptive optics scanning laser ophthalmoscopy. Methods:A prospective observational case series. Fourteen eyes from 12 patients with primary open angle glaucoma that exhibited retinal nerve fiber layer defects on fundus photography were imaged with adaptive optics scanning laser ophthalmoscopy over time. Results:The expansion of retinal nerve fiber bundle narrowing was observed on adaptive optics scanning laser ophthalmoscopy in 8 eyes (57.1%) over a period of 1.44 ± 0.42 years. Retinal nerve fiber bundle narrowing expanded horizontally in 2 eyes and vertically in 6 eyes. In 3 eyes, changes in the retinal nerve fiber layer were only detectable on adaptive optics scanning laser ophthalmoscopy images. Conclusions and Importance:The expansion of retinal nerve fiber bundle narrowing was observed using adaptive optics scanning laser ophthalmoscopy. Accordingly, this tool may be a useful tool for detecting glaucoma-related changes in retinal nerve fibers in a short time.
| S-EPMC7225615 | biostudies-literature