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Influence of Different Nanomaterials on Growth and Mycotoxin Production of Penicillium verrucosum.

ABSTRACT: Nanoparticles are ubiquitous in the environment. They originate from anthropogenic or natural sources or they are intentionally produced for different purposes. There exist manifold applications of nanoparticles in modern life leading unavoidably to a confrontation and interaction between nanomaterial and living organisms. Based on their wide distribution tending to increase steadily, the influence of particles based on silica and silver, exhibiting nominal sizes between 0.65 nm and 200 nm, on the physiology of the mycotoxigenic filamentous fungus Penicillium verrucosum was analyzed. The applied concentration and time-point, the size and the chemical composition of the particles was shown to have a strong influence on growth and mycotoxin biosynthesis. On microscopic scale it could be shown that silver nanoparticles attach to the mycelial surface. Moreover, silver nanoparticles with 0.65 nm and 5 nm in size were shown to internalize within the cell, form agglomerates in the cytoplasm and associate to cell organelles.

SUBMITTER: Kotzybik K

PROVIDER: S-EPMC4790900 | biostudies-literature | 2016

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Influence of Different Nanomaterials on Growth and Mycotoxin Production of Penicillium verrucosum.

Kotzybik Kathrin K Gräf Volker V Kugler Lena L Stoll Dominic A DA Greiner Ralf R Geisen Rolf R Schmidt-Heydt Markus M

PloS one 20160314 3

Nanoparticles are ubiquitous in the environment. They originate from anthropogenic or natural sources or they are intentionally produced for different purposes. There exist manifold applications of nanoparticles in modern life leading unavoidably to a confrontation and interaction between nanomaterial and living organisms. Based on their wide distribution tending to increase steadily, the influence of particles based on silica and silver, exhibiting nominal sizes between 0.65 nm and 200 nm, on t ...[more]

PMID: 26974550

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Project description:Mycotoxins are naturally present in cereal-based feed materials; however, due to adverse effects on animal health, their presence in derived animal feed should be minimized. A systematic literature search was conducted to obtain an overview of all factors from harvest onwards influencing the presence and concentration of mycotoxins in cereal-based feeds. The feed production processes covered included the harvest time, post-harvest practices (drying, cleaning, storage), and processing (milling, mixing with mycotoxin binders, extrusion cooking, ensiling). Delayed harvest supports the production of multiple mycotoxins. The way feed materials are dried after harvest influences the concentration of mycotoxins therein. Applying fungicides on the feed materials after harvest as well as cleaning and sorting can lower the concentration of mycotoxins. During milling, mycotoxins might be redistributed in cereal feed materials and fractions thereof. It is important to know which parts of the cereals are used for feed production and whether or not mycotoxins predominantly accumulate in these fractions. For feed production, mostly the milling fractions with outer parts of cereals, such as bran and shorts, are used, in which mycotoxins concentrate during processing. Wet-milling of grains can lower the mycotoxin content in these parts of the grain. However, this is typically accompanied by translocation of mycotoxins to the liquid fractions, which might be added to by-products used as feed. Mycotoxin binders can be added during mixing of feed materials. Although binders do not remove mycotoxins from the feed, the mycotoxins become less bioavailable to the animal and, in the case of food-producing animals, to the consumer, lowering the adverse effects of mycotoxins. The effect of extruding cereal feed materials is dependent on several factors, but in principle, mycotoxin contents are decreased after extrusion cooking. The results on ensiling are not uniform; however, most of the data show that mycotoxin production is supported during ensiling when oxygen can enter this process. Overall, the results of the literature review suggest that factors preventing mycotoxin production have greater impact than factors lowering the mycotoxin contents already present in feed materials.

Project description:Cellulolytic enzyme hydrolysis of lignocellulose biomass to release fermentable sugars is one of the key steps in biofuel refining. Gene expression of fungal cellulolytic enzymes is tightly controlled at the transcriptional level. Key transcription factors such as activator ClrB/CLR2 and XlnR/XYR1, as well as repressor CreA/CRE1 play crucial roles in this process. The putative protein methyltransferase LaeA/LAE1 has also been reported to regulate the gene expression of the cellulolytic enzyme. The formation and gene expression of the cellulolytic enzyme was compared among Penicillium oxalicum wild type (WT) and seven mutants, including ?laeA (deletion of laeA), OEclrB (clrB overexpression), OEclrB?laeA (clrB overexpression with deletion of laeA), OExlnR (xlnR overexpression), OExlnR?laeA (xlnR overexpression with deletion of laeA), ?creA (deletion of creA), and ?creA?laeA (double deletion of creA and laeA). Results revealed that LaeA extensively affected the expression of glycoside hydrolase genes. The expression of genes that encoded the top 10 glycoside hydrolases assayed in secretome was remarkably downregulated especially in later phases of prolonged batch cultures by the deletion of laeA. Cellulase synthesis of four mutants ?laeA, OEclrB?laeA, OExlnR?laeA, and ?creA?laeA was repressed remarkably compared with their parent strains WT, OEclrB, OExlnR, and ?creA, respectively. The overexpression of clrB or xlnR could not rescue the impairment of cellulolytic enzyme gene expression and cellulase synthesis when LaeA was absent, suggesting that LaeA was necessary for the expression of cellulolytic enzyme gene activated by ClrB or XlnR. In contrast to LaeA positive roles in regulating prominent cellulase and hemicellulase, the extracellular ?-xylosidase formation was negatively regulated by LaeA. The extracellular ?-xylosidase activities improved over 5-fold in the OExlnR?laeA mutant compared with that of WT, and the expression of prominent ?-xylosidase gene xyl3A was activated remarkably. The cumulative effect of LaeA and transcription factor XlnR has potential applications in the production of more ?-xylosidase.

Dataset Information

Influence of Different Nanomaterials on Growth and Mycotoxin Production of Penicillium verrucosum.

Publications

Influence of Different Nanomaterials on Growth and Mycotoxin Production of Penicillium verrucosum.

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