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SIV Infection-Mediated Changes in Gastrointestinal Bacterial Microbiome and Virome Are Associated with Immunodeficiency and Prevented by Vaccination.

ABSTRACT: AIDS caused by simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) infection is associated with gastrointestinal disease, systemic immune activation, and, in cross-sectional studies, changes in the enteric virome. Here we performed a longitudinal study of a vaccine cohort to define the natural history of changes in the fecal metagenome in SIV-infected monkeys. Matched rhesus macaques were either uninfected or intrarectally challenged with SIV, with a subset receiving the Ad26 vaccine, an adenovirus vector expressing the viral Env/Gag/Pol antigens. Progression of SIV infection to AIDS was associated with increased detection of potentially pathogenic viruses and bacterial enteropathogens. Specifically, adenoviruses were associated with an increased incidence of gastrointestinal disease and AIDS-related mortality. Viral and bacterial enteropathogens were largely absent from animals protected by the vaccine. These data suggest that the SIV-associated gastrointestinal disease is associated with the presence of both viral and bacterial enteropathogens and that protection against SIV infection by vaccination prevents enteropathogen emergence.

SUBMITTER: Handley SA

PROVIDER: S-EPMC4802495 | biostudies-literature | 2016 Mar

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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SIV Infection-Mediated Changes in Gastrointestinal Bacterial Microbiome and Virome Are Associated with Immunodeficiency and Prevented by Vaccination.

Handley Scott A SA Desai Chandni C Zhao Guoyan G Droit Lindsay L Monaco Cynthia L CL Schroeder Andrew C AC Nkolola Joseph P JP Norman Megan E ME Miller Andrew D AD Wang David D Barouch Dan H DH Virgin Herbert W HW

Cell host & microbe 20160301 3

AIDS caused by simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) infection is associated with gastrointestinal disease, systemic immune activation, and, in cross-sectional studies, changes in the enteric virome. Here we performed a longitudinal study of a vaccine cohort to define the natural history of changes in the fecal metagenome in SIV-infected monkeys. Matched rhesus macaques were either uninfected or intrarectally challenged with SIV, with a subset receiving the Ad26 vaccine, an adenovirus vector expre ...[more]

PMID: 26962943

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Project description:Vaccines aimed at inducing T cell responses to protect against human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection have been under development for more than 15 years. Replication-defective adenovirus (rAd) vaccine vectors are at the forefront of this work and have been tested extensively in the simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) challenge macaque model. Vaccination with rAd vectors coding for SIV Gag or other nonenvelope proteins induces T cell responses that control virus load but disappointingly is unsuccessful so far in preventing infection, and attention has turned to inducing antibodies to the envelope. However, here we report that Mauritian cynomolgus macaques (MCM), Macaca fascicularis, vaccinated with unmodified SIV gag alone in a DNA prime followed by an rAd boost exhibit increased protection from infection by repeated intrarectal challenge with low-dose SIVmac251. There was no evidence of infection followed by eradication. A significant correlation was observed between cytokine expression by CD4 T cells and delayed infection. Vaccination with gag fused to the ubiquitin gene or fragmented, designed to increase CD8 magnitude and breadth, did not confer resistance to challenge or enhance immunity. On infection, a significant reduction in peak virus load was observed in all vaccinated animals, including those vaccinated with modified gag These findings suggest that a nonpersistent viral vector vaccine coding for internal virus proteins may be able to protect against HIV type 1 (HIV-1) infection. The mechanisms are probably distinct from those of antibody-mediated virus neutralization or cytotoxic CD8 cell killing of virus-infected cells and may be mediated in part by CD4 T cells.IMPORTANCE The simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) macaque model represents the best animal model for testing new human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) vaccines. Previous studies employing replication-defective adenovirus (rAd) vectors that transiently express SIV internal proteins induced T cell responses that controlled virus load but did not protect against virus challenge. However, we show for the first time that SIV gag delivered in a DNA prime followed by a boost with an rAd vector confers resistance to SIV intrarectal challenge. Other partially successful SIV/HIV-1 protective vaccines induce antibody to the envelope and neutralize the virus or mediate antibody-dependent cytotoxicity. Induction of CD8 T cells which do not prevent initial infection but eradicate infected cells before infection becomes established has also shown some success. In contrast, the vaccine described here mediates resistance by a different mechanism from that described above, which may reflect CD4 T cell activity. This could indicate an alternative approach for HIV-1 vaccine development.

Dataset Information

SIV Infection-Mediated Changes in Gastrointestinal Bacterial Microbiome and Virome Are Associated with Immunodeficiency and Prevented by Vaccination.

Publications

SIV Infection-Mediated Changes in Gastrointestinal Bacterial Microbiome and Virome Are Associated with Immunodeficiency and Prevented by Vaccination.

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