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Short-Term Risk of Serious Fall Injuries in Older Adults Initiating and Intensifying Treatment With Antihypertensive Medication.

ABSTRACT: Antihypertensive medication use has been associated with an increased risk of falls in some but not all studies. Few data are available on the short-term risk of falls after antihypertensive medication initiation and intensification.We examined the association between initiating and intensifying antihypertensive medication and serious fall injuries in a case-crossover study of 90?127 Medicare beneficiaries who were ?65 years old and had a serious fall injury between July 1, 2007, and December 31, 2012, based on emergency department and inpatient claims. Antihypertensive medication initiation was defined by a prescription fill with no fills in the previous year. Intensification was defined by the addition of a new antihypertensive class, and separately, titration by the addition of a new class or increase in dosage of a current class. Exposures were ascertained for the 15 days before the fall (case period) and six 15-day earlier periods (control periods). Overall, 272, 1508, and 3113 Medicare beneficiaries initiated, added a new class of antihypertensive medication or titrated therapy within 15 days of their serious fall injury. The odds for a serious fall injury was increased during the 15 days after antihypertensive medication initiation (odds ratio, 1.36 [95% confidence interval, 1.19-1.55]), adding a new class (odds ratio, 1.16 [95% confidence interval, 1.10-1.23]), and titration [odds ratio, 1.13 [95% confidence interval, 1.08-1.18]). These associations were attenuated beyond 15 days.Antihypertensive medication initiation and intensification was associated with a short-term, but not long-term, increased risk of serious fall injuries among older adults.

SUBMITTER: Shimbo D

PROVIDER: S-EPMC4871744 | biostudies-literature | 2016 May

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Short-Term Risk of Serious Fall Injuries in Older Adults Initiating and Intensifying Treatment With Antihypertensive Medication.

Shimbo Daichi D Barrett Bowling C C Levitan Emily B EB Deng Luqin L Sim John J JJ Huang Lei L Reynolds Kristi K Muntner Paul P

Circulation. Cardiovascular quality and outcomes 20160510 3

<h4>Background</h4>Antihypertensive medication use has been associated with an increased risk of falls in some but not all studies. Few data are available on the short-term risk of falls after antihypertensive medication initiation and intensification.<h4>Methods and results</h4>We examined the association between initiating and intensifying antihypertensive medication and serious fall injuries in a case-crossover study of 90 127 Medicare beneficiaries who were ≥65 years old and had a serious fa ...[more]

PMID: 27166208

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Project description:Importance:Transient elevations of blood pressure (BP) are common in hospitalized older adults and frequently lead practitioners to prescribe more intensive antihypertensive regimens at hospital discharge than the patients were using before hospitalization. Objective:To investigate the association between intensification of antihypertensive regimens at hospital discharge and clinical outcomes after discharge. Design, Setting, and Participants:In this retrospective cohort study, patients 65 years and older with hypertension who were hospitalized in Veterans Health Administration national health system facilities from January 1, 2011, to December 31, 2013, for common noncardiac conditions were studied. Data analysis was performed from October 1, 2018, to March 10, 2019. Exposures:Discharge with antihypertensive intensification, defined as receiving a prescription at hospital discharge for a new or higher-dose antihypertensive than was being used before hospitalization. Propensity scores were used to construct a matched-pairs cohort of patients who did and did not receive antihypertensive intensifications at hospital discharge. Main Outcomes and Measures:The primary outcomes of hospital readmission, serious adverse events, and cardiovascular events were assessed by competing risk analysis. The secondary outcome was the change in systolic BP within 1 year of hospital discharge. Results:The propensity-matched cohort included 4056 hospitalized older adults with hypertension (mean [SD] age, 77 [8] years; 3961 men [97.7%]), equally split between those who did vs did not receive antihypertensive intensifications at hospital discharge. Groups were well matched on all baseline covariates (all standardized mean differences <0.1). Within 30 days, patients receiving intensifications had a higher risk of readmission (hazard ratio [HR], 1.23; 95% CI, 1.07-1.42; number needed to harm [NNH], 27; 95% CI, 16-76) and serious adverse events (HR, 1.41; 95% CI, 1.06-1.88; NNH, 63; 95% CI, 34-370). At 1 year, no differences were found in cardiovascular events (HR, 1.18; 95% CI, 0.99-1.40) or change in systolic BP among those who did vs did not receive intensifications (mean BP, 134.7 vs 134.4; difference-in-differences estimate, 0.6 mm Hg; 95% CI, -2.4 to 3.7 mm Hg). Conclusions and Relevance:Among older adults hospitalized for noncardiac conditions, prescription of intensified antihypertensives at discharge was not associated with reduced cardiac events or improved BP control within 1 year but was associated with an increased risk of readmission and serious adverse events within 30 days.

Project description:BackgroundDespite increasing numbers of older adults undergoing surgery and the known risks of opioids, little is known about the potential association between opioid prescribing and serious falls and fall-related injuries after surgery.ObjectiveTo determine the incidence and risk factors of serious falls and fall-related injuries after elective, outpatient surgery.DesignRetrospective cohort study of 20% national sample of Medicare claims among beneficiaries ≥ 65 years of age with Medicare Part D claims and who underwent elective outpatient surgery from January 1, 2009, through December 31, 2014.ParticipantsOpioid-naïve patients ≥ 65 years undergoing elective, minor, outpatient surgical procedures. The exposure was opioid prescription fills in the perioperative period (i.e., 30 days before up until 3 days after surgery) converted to total oral morphine equivalents (OME) over a period 30 days prior to and 30 days after surgery.Main measuresSerious falls and fall-related injuries within 30 days after surgery, examined through Poisson regression analysis with reported fall and fall-related injury rates adjusted for potential confounders.Key resultsAmong 44,247 opioid-naïve surgical patients, 76.3% filled an opioid prescription in the perioperative period. Overall, 0.62% of patients suffered a serious fall or fall-related injury within 30 days after surgery. Risk factors for serious falls or fall-related injuries after surgery included older age (80-84 years: RR 1.64, 95% CI 1.12-2.40; 85 years and older: RR 1.81, 95% CI 1.25-2.86), female sex (RR 3.04, 95% CI 2.29-4.05), Medicaid eligibility (RR 1.63, 95% CI 1.17-2.26), and higher amounts of opioids filled following surgery (≥ 225 OME: RR 2.29, 95% CI 1.72-3.07).ConclusionsSerious falls after elective, outpatient surgery are uncommon, but correlated with age, sex, Medicaid eligibility, and the amount of opioids filled in the perioperative period. Judicious prescribing of opioids after surgery is paramount and is an opportunity to improve the safety of surgical care among older individuals.

Project description:BackgroundInjuries from falls are major contributors to complications and death in older adults. Despite evidence from efficacy trials that many falls can be prevented, rates of falls resulting in injury have not declined.MethodsWe conducted a pragmatic, cluster-randomized trial to evaluate the effectiveness of a multifactorial intervention that included risk assessment and individualized plans, administered by specially trained nurses, to prevent fall injuries. A total of 86 primary care practices across 10 health care systems were randomly assigned to the intervention or to enhanced usual care (the control) (43 practices each). The participants were community-dwelling adults, 70 years of age or older, who were at increased risk for fall injuries. The primary outcome, assessed in a time-to-event analysis, was the first serious fall injury, adjudicated with the use of participant report, electronic health records, and claims data. We hypothesized that the event rate would be lower by 20% in the intervention group than in the control group.ResultsThe demographic and baseline characteristics of the participants were similar in the intervention group (2802 participants) and the control group (2649 participants); the mean age was 80 years, and 62.0% of the participants were women. The rate of a first adjudicated serious fall injury did not differ significantly between the groups, as assessed in a time-to-first-event analysis (events per 100 person-years of follow-up, 4.9 in the intervention group and 5.3 in the control group; hazard ratio, 0.92; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.80 to 1.06; P = 0.25). The rate of a first participant-reported fall injury was 25.6 events per 100 person-years of follow-up in the intervention group and 28.6 events per 100 person-years of follow-up in the control group (hazard ratio, 0.90; 95% CI, 0.83 to 0.99; P = 0.004). The rates of hospitalization or death were similar in the two groups.ConclusionsA multifactorial intervention, administered by nurses, did not result in a significantly lower rate of a first adjudicated serious fall injury than enhanced usual care. (Funded by the Patient-Centered Outcomes Research Institute and others; STRIDE ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT02475850.).

Project description:BackgroundPotentially inappropriate medications (PIMs) are prevalent in older adults with dementia and subsequent falls or fall-related injuries. The present study determined the risk of falls or fall-related injuries associated with PIM use in older adults with dementia.MethodsThe National Health Insurance Service-Elderly Cohort Database 2.0 (NHIS-ECDB 2.0) was used for this self-controlled case series (SCCS) study. This study included 1430 participants who went through exposure and non-exposure periods of PIM application among patients with dementia and experienced outcome events of falls or fall-related injuries between January 2016 and December 2019. The incidence of falls or fall-related injuries during the exposure and post-exposure periods was compared with that during the non-exposure period. Beers Criteria were used to define PIMs in patients with dementia. Negative binomial regression was conducted. The incidence rate ratio (IRR) was used to determine the risk of falls or fall-related injuries.ResultsDuring the exposure periods in which falls or fall-related injuries occurred, the mean number of PIMs among patients with dementia was 3.76 (SD = 2.99), and the most commonly used PIMs among patients with dementia were first-generation antihistamines (n = 283; 59.1%). Compared to the non-exposure period, the adjusted IRR during the exposure period was 1.57 (95% CI = 1.39-1.76). The risk of falls or fall-related injuries was increased when PIM use in patients with dementia was initiated (1-14 days: IRR = 2.76, 95% CI = 2.31-3.28; 15-28 days: IRR = 1.95, 95% CI = 1.48-2.56; ≥ 29 days: IRR = 1.17, 95% CI = 1.01-1.35). Especially, an increased risk of falls or fall-related injuries was associated with greater PIM use among patients with dementia.ConclusionAmong older adults with dementia, PIMs significantly increase the risk of falls and fall-related injuries. Therefore, strategies should be developed to manage PIM prescriptions in patients with dementia to prevent falls.

Project description:BackgroundAfter the 2003 publication of the Seventh Report of the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure (JNC 7) guidelines, there was a 5-10% increase in patients initiating antihypertensive medication with a thiazide-type diuretic, but most patients still did not initiate treatment with this class. There are few contemporary published data on antihypertensive medication classes filled by patients initiating treatment.Methods and findingsWe used the 5% random Medicare sample to study the initiation of antihypertensive medication between 2007 and 2010. Initiation was defined by the first antihypertensive medication fill preceded by 365 days with no antihypertensive medication fills. We restricted our analysis to beneficiaries ≥ 65 years who had two or more outpatient visits with a hypertension diagnosis and full Medicare fee-for-service coverage for the 365 days prior to initiation of antihypertensive medication. Between 2007 and 2010, 32,142 beneficiaries in the 5% Medicare sample initiated antihypertensive medication. Initiation with a thiazide-type diuretic decreased from 19.2% in 2007 to 17.9% in 2010. No other changes in medication classes initiated occurred over this period. Among those initiating antihypertensive medication in 2010, 31.3% filled angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE-Is), 26.9% filled beta blockers, 17.2% filled calcium channel blockers, and 14.4% filled angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs). Initiation with >1 antihypertensive medication class decreased from 25.6% in 2007 to 24.1% in 2010. Patients initiated >1 antihypertensive medication class most commonly with a thiazide-type diuretic and either an ACE-I or ARB.ConclusionThese results suggest that JNC 7 had a limited long-term impact on the choice of antihypertensive medication class and provide baseline data prior to the publication of the 2014 Evidence-Based Guideline for the Management of High Blood Pressure in Adults from the Panel Members Appointed to the Eighth Joint National Committee (JNC 8).

Project description:ImportanceTo date, measurement and treatment of older adult fall injury has been siloed within specific care settings, such as a hospital or within a nursing home or community. Little is known about changes in fall risk across care settings. Understanding the occurrence of falls across settings has implications for measuring and incentivizing high-value care across care settings.ObjectiveTo estimate the risk of older adult fall injury within and across discrete periods during a 12-month care episode anchored by an acute hospitalization.Design, setting, and participantsThis cohort study is a longitudinal analysis of 12-month periods that include an anchor hospital stay using national data from 2006 to 2014. Participants included older (aged ≥65 years) Medicare fee-for-service beneficiaries from the Health and Retirement Study. Weekly fall injury rates were computed for 4 periods compared with the anchor hospitalization: at baseline (1-6 months before hospitalization), just before (<1 month before hospitalization), just after (<1 month after hospitalization), and at follow-up (1-6 months after hospitalization). Piecewise logistic regression models estimated weekly marginal risk of fall injury within each period, adjusting for sociodemographic and health characteristics. Fall injury risks for high-risk beneficiaries with a fall injury during the anchor hospitalization were also estimated. Data analysis was performed from November 2019 to April 2020.Main outcomes and measuresFall injuries.ResultsIn total, 10 106 anchor hospitalizations for 4101 beneficiaries (mean [SD] age, 77.1 [7.6] years; 5912 hospitalizations among women [58.5%]) were identified. The overall fall injury risk was 0.77%. In adjusted models, marginal increases in weekly fall injury risk just before hospitalization (0.27 percentage points [95% CI, 0.22 to 0.33 percentage points], or 30.0%; P < .001) were 4 times greater than decreases just after hospitalization (-0.18 percentage points [95% CI, -0.23 to -0.13 percentage points], or -9.2%; P < .001)]. A greater risk differential before and after hospitalization was observed for patients with an inpatient fall injury (1.89 percentage points [95% CI, 1.37 to 2.40], or 309.8%; P < .001; vs -0.39 percentage points [95% CI, -0.73 to -0.04], or -11.6%; P = .03).Conclusions and relevanceAn episode-based assessment of fall injury illustrates substantial variability in period-specific risks over an extended period including an anchor hospitalization. Risk transitions between periods include sizable increases just before hospitalization that do not fully subside after hospital discharge. Financial incentives to coordinate hospital and posthospital care for patients at risk for fall injury are needed. These could include bundled payments for fall injury episodes that incentivize coordination across settings.

Dataset Information

Short-Term Risk of Serious Fall Injuries in Older Adults Initiating and Intensifying Treatment With Antihypertensive Medication.

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Short-Term Risk of Serious Fall Injuries in Older Adults Initiating and Intensifying Treatment With Antihypertensive Medication.

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