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A Single Residue in Ebola Virus Receptor NPC1 Influences Cellular Host Range in Reptiles.

ABSTRACT: Filoviruses are the causative agents of an increasing number of disease outbreaks in human populations, including the current unprecedented Ebola virus disease (EVD) outbreak in western Africa. One obstacle to controlling these epidemics is our poor understanding of the host range of filoviruses and their natural reservoirs. Here, we investigated the role of the intracellular filovirus receptor, Niemann-Pick C1 (NPC1) as a molecular determinant of Ebola virus (EBOV) host range at the cellular level. Whereas human cells can be infected by EBOV, a cell line derived from a Russell's viper (Daboia russellii) (VH-2) is resistant to infection in an NPC1-dependent manner. We found that VH-2 cells are resistant to EBOV infection because the Russell's viper NPC1 ortholog bound poorly to the EBOV spike glycoprotein (GP). Analysis of panels of viper-human NPC1 chimeras and point mutants allowed us to identify a single amino acid residue in NPC1, at position 503, that bidirectionally influenced both its binding to EBOV GP and its viral receptor activity in cells. Significantly, this single residue change perturbed neither NPC1's endosomal localization nor its housekeeping role in cellular cholesterol trafficking. Together with other recent work, these findings identify sequences in NPC1 that are important for viral receptor activity by virtue of their direct interaction with EBOV GP and suggest that they may influence filovirus host range in nature. Broader surveys of NPC1 orthologs from vertebrates may delineate additional sequence polymorphisms in this gene that control susceptibility to filovirus infection. IMPORTANCE Identifying cellular factors that determine susceptibility to infection can help us understand how Ebola virus is transmitted. We asked if the EBOV receptor Niemann-Pick C1 (NPC1) could explain why reptiles are resistant to EBOV infection. We demonstrate that cells derived from the Russell's viper are not susceptible to infection because EBOV cannot bind to viper NPC1. This resistance to infection can be mapped to a single amino acid residue in viper NPC1 that renders it unable to bind to EBOV GP. The newly solved structure of EBOV GP bound to NPC1 confirms our findings, revealing that this residue dips into the GP receptor-binding pocket and is therefore critical to the binding interface. Consequently, this otherwise well-conserved residue in vertebrate species influences the ability of reptilian NPC1 proteins to bind to EBOV GP, thereby affecting viral host range in reptilian cells.

SUBMITTER: Ndungo E

PROVIDER: S-EPMC4894689 | biostudies-literature | 2016 Mar-Apr

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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A Single Residue in Ebola Virus Receptor NPC1 Influences Cellular Host Range in Reptiles.

Ndungo Esther E Herbert Andrew S AS Raaben Matthijs M Obernosterer Gregor G Biswas Rohan R Miller Emily Happy EH Wirchnianski Ariel S AS Carette Jan E JE Brummelkamp Thijn R TR Whelan Sean P SP Dye John M JM Chandran Kartik K

mSphere 20160330 2

Filoviruses are the causative agents of an increasing number of disease outbreaks in human populations, including the current unprecedented Ebola virus disease (EVD) outbreak in western Africa. One obstacle to controlling these epidemics is our poor understanding of the host range of filoviruses and their natural reservoirs. Here, we investigated the role of the intracellular filovirus receptor, Niemann-Pick C1 (NPC1) as a molecular determinant of Ebola virus (EBOV) host range at the cellular le ...[more]

PMID: 27303731

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Project description:UnlabelledMultiple host molecules are known to be involved in the cellular entry of filoviruses, including Ebola virus (EBOV); T-cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain 1 (TIM-1) and Niemann-Pick C1 (NPC1) have been identified as attachment and fusion receptors, respectively. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying the entry process have not been fully understood. We found that TIM-1 and NPC1 colocalized and interacted in the intracellular vesicles where EBOV glycoprotein (GP)-mediated membrane fusion occurred. Interestingly, a TIM-1-specific monoclonal antibody (MAb), M224/1, prevented GP-mediated membrane fusion and also interfered with the binding of TIM-1 to NPC1, suggesting that the interaction between TIM-1 and NPC1 is important for filovirus membrane fusion. Moreover, MAb M224/1 efficiently inhibited the cellular entry of viruses from all known filovirus species. These data suggest a novel mechanism underlying filovirus membrane fusion and provide a potential cellular target for antiviral compounds that can be universally used against filovirus infections.ImportanceFiloviruses, including Ebola and Marburg viruses, cause rapidly fatal diseases in humans and nonhuman primates. There are currently no approved vaccines or therapeutics for filovirus diseases. In general, the cellular entry step of viruses is one of the key mechanisms to develop antiviral strategies. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying the entry process of filoviruses have not been fully understood. In this study, we demonstrate that TIM-1 and NPC1, which serve as attachment and fusion receptors for filovirus entry, interact in the intracellular vesicles where Ebola virus GP-mediated membrane fusion occurs and that this interaction is important for filovirus infection. We found that filovirus infection and GP-mediated membrane fusion in cultured cells were remarkably suppressed by treatment with a TIM-1-specific monoclonal antibody that interfered with the interaction between TIM-1 and NPC1. Our data provide new insights for the development of antiviral compounds that can be universally used against filovirus infections.

Project description:Like other human-pathogenic arenaviruses, Lujo virus (LUJV) is a causative agent of viral hemorrhagic fever in humans. LUJV infects humans with high mortality rates, but the susceptibilities of other animal species and the molecular determinants of its host specificity remain unknown. We found that mouse- and hamster-derived cell lines (NIH 3T3 and BHK, respectively) were less susceptible to a replication-incompetent recombinant vesicular stomatitis virus (Indiana) pseudotyped with the LUJV glycoprotein (GP) (VSVΔG*-LUJV/GP) than were human-derived cell lines (HEK293T and Huh7). To determine the cellular factors involved in the differential susceptibilities between the human and mouse cell lines, we focused on the CD63 molecule, which is required for pH-activated GP-mediated membrane fusion during LUJV entry into host cells. The exogenous introduction of human CD63, but not mouse or hamster CD63, into BHK cells significantly increased susceptibility to VSVΔG*-LUJV/GP. Using chimeric human-mouse CD63 proteins, we found that the amino acid residues at positions 141 to 150 in the large extracellular loop (LEL) region of CD63 were important for the cellular entry of VSVΔG*-LUJV/GP. By site-directed mutagenesis, we further determined that a phenylalanine at position 143 in human CD63 was the key residue for efficient membrane fusion and VSVΔG*-LUJV/GP infection. Our data suggest that the interaction of LUJV GP with the LEL region of CD63 is essential for cell susceptibility to LUJV, thus providing new insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying the cellular entry of LUJV and the host range restriction of this virus. IMPORTANCE Lujo virus (LUJV) infects humans with high mortality rates, but the host range of LUJV remains unknown. We found that rodent-derived cell lines were less susceptible to LUJV infection than were human-derived cell lines, and the differential susceptibilities were determined by the difference of CD63, the intercellular receptor of LUJV. We further identified an amino acid residue on human CD63 important for efficient LUJV infection. These results suggest that the interaction between LUJV glycoprotein and CD63 is one of the important factors determining the host range of LUJV. Our findings on the CD63-regulated susceptibilities of the cell lines to LUJV infection provide important information for the development of anti-LUJV drugs as well as the identification of natural hosts of LUJV. Importantly, our data support a concept explaining the molecular mechanism underlying viral tropisms controlled by endosomal receptors.

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A Single Residue in Ebola Virus Receptor NPC1 Influences Cellular Host Range in Reptiles.

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A Single Residue in Ebola Virus Receptor NPC1 Influences Cellular Host Range in Reptiles.

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