Mutations in SLC39A14 disrupt manganese homeostasis and cause childhood-onset parkinsonism-dystonia.
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ABSTRACT:
SUBMITTER: Tuschl K
PROVIDER: S-EPMC4894980 | biostudies-literature | 2016 May
REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature
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Mutations in SLC39A14 disrupt manganese homeostasis and cause childhood-onset parkinsonism-dystonia.
Tuschl Karin K Meyer Esther E Valdivia Leonardo E LE Zhao Ningning N Dadswell Chris C Abdul-Sada Alaa A Hung Christina Y CY Simpson Michael A MA Chong W K WK Jacques Thomas S TS Woltjer Randy L RL Eaton Simon S Gregory Allison A Sanford Lynn L Kara Eleanna E Houlden Henry H Cuno Stephan M SM Prokisch Holger H Valletta Lorella L Tiranti Valeria V Younis Rasha R Maher Eamonn R ER Spencer John J Straatman-Iwanowska Ania A Gissen Paul P Selim Laila A M LA Pintos-Morell Guillem G Coroleu-Lletget Wifredo W Mohammad Shekeeb S SS Yoganathan Sangeetha S Dale Russell C RC Thomas Maya M Rihel Jason J Bodamer Olaf A OA Enns Caroline A CA Hayflick Susan J SJ Clayton Peter T PT Mills Philippa B PB Kurian Manju A MA Wilson Stephen W SW
Nature communications 20160527
Although manganese is an essential trace metal, little is known about its transport and homeostatic regulation. Here we have identified a cohort of patients with a novel autosomal recessive manganese transporter defect caused by mutations in SLC39A14. Excessive accumulation of manganese in these patients results in rapidly progressive childhood-onset parkinsonism-dystonia with distinctive brain magnetic resonance imaging appearances and neurodegenerative features on post-mortem examination. We s ...[more]
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Project description:BackgroundJuvenile forms of parkinsonism are rare conditions with onset of bradykinesia, tremor and rigidity before the age of 21 years. These atypical presentations commonly have a genetic aetiology, highlighting important insights into underlying pathophysiology. Genetic defects may affect key proteins of the endocytic pathway and clathrin-mediated endocytosis (CME), as in DNAJC6-related juvenile parkinsonism.ObjectiveTo report on a new patient cohort with juvenile-onset DNAJC6 parkinsonism-dystonia and determine the functional consequences on auxilin and dopamine homeostasis.MethodsTwenty-five children with juvenile parkinsonism were identified from a research cohort of patients with undiagnosed pediatric movement disorders. Molecular genetic investigations included autozygosity mapping studies and whole-exome sequencing. Patient fibroblasts and CSF were analyzed for auxilin, cyclin G-associated kinase and synaptic proteins.ResultsWe identified 6 patients harboring previously unreported, homozygous nonsense DNAJC6 mutations. All presented with neurodevelopmental delay in infancy, progressive parkinsonism, and neurological regression in childhood. 123 I-FP-CIT SPECT (DaTScan) was performed in 3 patients and demonstrated reduced or absent tracer uptake in the basal ganglia. CSF neurotransmitter analysis revealed an isolated reduction of homovanillic acid. Auxilin levels were significantly reduced in both patient fibroblasts and CSF. Cyclin G-associated kinase levels in CSF were significantly increased, whereas a number of presynaptic dopaminergic proteins were reduced.ConclusionsDNAJC6 is an emerging cause of recessive juvenile parkinsonism-dystonia. DNAJC6 encodes the cochaperone protein auxilin, involved in CME of synaptic vesicles. The observed dopamine dyshomeostasis in patients is likely to be multifactorial, secondary to auxilin deficiency and/or neurodegeneration. Increased patient CSF cyclin G-associated kinase, in tandem with reduced auxilin levels, suggests a possible compensatory role of cyclin G-associated kinase, as observed in the auxilin knockout mouse. DNAJC6 parkinsonism-dystonia should be considered as a differential diagnosis for pediatric neurotransmitter disorders associated with low homovanillic acid levels. Future research in elucidating disease pathogenesis will aid the development of better treatments for this pharmacoresistant disorder. © 2020 The Authors. Movement Disorders published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.
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Project description:BackgroundThe clinical phenotype of DYT6 consists mainly of primary craniocervical dystonia. Recently, the THAP1 gene was identified as the cause of DYT6, where a total of 13 mutations have been identified in Amish-Mennonite and European families.MethodsWe sequenced the THAP1 gene in a series of 362 British, genetically undetermined, primary dystonia patients (78 with focal, 186 with segmental, and 98 with generalized dystonia) and in 28 dystonia-manifesting DYT1 patients and 176 normal control individuals.ResultsNine coding mutations were identified in the THAP1 gene. Two were small deletions, 2 were nonsense, and 5 were missense. Eight mutations were heterozygous, and 1 was homozygous. The main clinical presentation of cases with THAP1 mutations was early-onset (<30 years) dystonia in the craniocervical region or the limbs (8 of 9 patients). There was phenotypic variability with laryngeal or oromandibular dystonia present in 3 cases. Four of 9 THAP1 cases developed generalized dystonia.ConclusionsThe number of THAP1 mutations has been significantly expanded, indicating an uncommon but important cause of dystonia. Coding mutations account for 9 of 362 dystonia cases, indicating a mutation frequency of 2.5% of dystonia cases in the population that we have screened. The majority of cases reported here with THAP1 mutations had craniocervical- or limb-onset segmental dystonia, but we also identified 1 homozygous THAP1 mutation, associated initially with writer's dystonia and then developing segmental dystonia. Three of our patients had a nonsense or frameshift THAP1 mutation and the clinical features of laryngeal or oromandibular dystonia. These data suggest that early-onset dystonia that includes the involvement of the larynx or face is frequently associated with THAP1 mutations.
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Project description:Nephrotic syndrome (NS) is a genetically heterogeneous group of diseases that are divided into steroid-sensitive NS (SSNS) and steroid-resistant NS (SRNS). SRNS inevitably leads to end-stage kidney disease, and no curative treatment is available. To date, mutations in more than 24 genes have been described in Mendelian forms of SRNS; however, no Mendelian form of SSNS has been described. To identify a genetic form of SSNS, we performed homozygosity mapping, whole-exome sequencing, and multiplex PCR followed by next-generation sequencing. We thereby detected biallelic mutations in EMP2 (epithelial membrane protein 2) in four individuals from three unrelated families affected by SRNS or SSNS. We showed that EMP2 exclusively localized to glomeruli in the kidney. Knockdown of emp2 in zebrafish resulted in pericardial effusion, supporting the pathogenic role of mutated EMP2 in human NS. At the cellular level, we showed that knockdown of EMP2 in podocytes and endothelial cells resulted in an increased amount of CAVEOLIN-1 and decreased cell proliferation. Our data therefore identify EMP2 mutations as causing a recessive Mendelian form of SSNS.
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