Dataset Information

Cross-Sectional Associations of Computed Tomography (CT)-Derived Adipose Tissue Density and Adipokines: The Framingham Heart Study.

ABSTRACT:

Background

Excess accumulation of abdominal subcutaneous (SAT) and visceral adipose tissue (VAT) is associated with adverse levels of adipokines and cardiovascular disease risk. Whether fat quality is associated with adipokines has not been firmly established. This study examined the association between abdominal SAT and VAT density, an indirect measure of fat quality, with a panel of metabolic regulatory biomarkers secreted by adipose tissue or the liver independently of absolute fat volumes.

Methods and results

We evaluated 1829 Framingham Heart Study participants (44.9% women). Abdominal SAT and VAT density was estimated indirectly by adipose tissue attenuation using computed tomography. Adipokines included adiponectin, leptin receptor, leptin, fatty acid-binding protein 4 (FABP-4), retinol-binding protein 4 (RBP-4), and fetuin-A. Fat density was associated with all the biomarkers evaluated, except fetuin-A. Lower fat density (ie, more-negative fat attenuation) was associated with lower adiponectin and leptin receptor, but higher leptin and FABP-4 levels (all P<0.0001). SAT density was inversely associated with RPB-4 in both sexes, whereas the association between VAT density and RPB-4 was only observed in men (P<0.0001). In women, after additional adjustment for respective fat volume, SAT density retained the significant associations with adiponectin, leptin, FABP-4, and RBP-4; and VAT density with adiponectin only (all P<0.0001). In men, significant associations were maintained upon additional adjustment for respective fat volume (P<0.005).

Conclusions

Lower abdominal fat density was associated with a profile of biomarkers suggestive of greater cardiometabolic risk. These observations support that fat density may be a valid biomarker of cardiometabolic risk.

SUBMITTER: Lee JJ

PROVIDER: S-EPMC4943240 | biostudies-literature | 2016 Feb

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Publications

Cross-Sectional Associations of Computed Tomography (CT)-Derived Adipose Tissue Density and Adipokines: The Framingham Heart Study.

Lee Jane J JJ Pedley Alison A Hoffmann Udo U Massaro Joseph M JM Keaney John F JF Vasan Ramachandran S RS Fox Caroline S CS

Journal of the American Heart Association 20160229 3

<h4>Background</h4>Excess accumulation of abdominal subcutaneous (SAT) and visceral adipose tissue (VAT) is associated with adverse levels of adipokines and cardiovascular disease risk. Whether fat quality is associated with adipokines has not been firmly established. This study examined the association between abdominal SAT and VAT density, an indirect measure of fat quality, with a panel of metabolic regulatory biomarkers secreted by adipose tissue or the liver independently of absolute fat vo ...[more]

PMID: 26927600

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Project description:OBJECTIVE:To examine associations of proximity to major roadways, sustained exposure to fine particulate matter (PM2.5), and acute exposure to ambient air pollutants with adipokines and measures of glucose homeostasis among participants living in the northeastern United States. METHODS:We included 5958 participants from the Framingham Offspring cohort examination cycle 7 (1998-2001) and 8 (2005-2008) and Third Generation cohort examination cycle 1 (2002-2005) and 2 (2008-2011), who did not have type 2 diabetes at the time of examination visit. We calculated 2003 annual average PM2.5 at participants' home address, residential distance to the nearest major roadway, and daily PM2.5, black carbon (BC), sulfate, nitrogen oxides (NOx), and ozone concentrations. We used linear mixed effects models for fasting glucose, insulin, and homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) which were measured up to twice, and used linear regression models for adiponectin, resistin, leptin, and hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) which were measured only once, adjusting for demographics, socioeconomic position, lifestyle, time, and seasonality. RESULTS:The mean age was 51years and 55% were women. Participants who lived 64m (25th percentile) from a major roadway had 0.28% (95% CI: 0.05%, 0.51%) higher fasting plasma glucose than participants who lived 413m (75th percentile) away, and the association appeared to be driven by participants who lived within 50m from a major roadway. Higher exposures to 3- to 7-day moving averages of BC and NOx were associated with higher glucose whereas the associations for ozone were negative. The associations otherwise were generally null and did not differ by median age, sex, educational attainment, obesity status, or prediabetes status. CONCLUSIONS:Living closer to a major roadway or acute exposure to traffic-related air pollutants were associated with dysregulated glucose homeostasis but not with adipokines among participants from the Framingham Offspring and Third Generation cohorts.

Project description:Phase-contrast computed tomography (PCCT) is an X-ray-based imaging method measuring differences in the refractive index during tissue passage. While conventional X-ray techniques rely on the absorption of radiation due to differing tissue-specific attenuation coefficients, PCCT enables the determination of the electron density (ED). By the analysis of respective phantoms and ex vivo specimens, we identified the components responsible for different electron densities in murine adipose tissue depots to be cellular fat and mitochondrial content, two parameters typically different between white adipose tissue (WAT) and brown adipose tissue (BAT). Brown adipocytes provide mammals with a means of non-shivering thermogenesis to defend normothermia in a cold environment. Brown adipocytes are found in dedicated BAT depots and interspersed within white fat depots, a cell type referred to as brite (brown in white) adipocyte. Localization and quantification of brown and brite adipocytes in situ allows an estimate of depot thermogenic capacity and potential contribution to maximal metabolic rate in the cold. We utilized PCCT to infer the composition of white, brite, and brown adipose tissue from ED of individual depots. As proof of principle, we imaged mice 10, 20, and 30 days of age. During this period, several WAT depots are known to undergo transient browning. Based on ED, classical WAT and BAT could be clearly distinguished. Retroperitoneal and inguinal WAT depots increased transiently in ED during the known remodeling from white to brite/brown and back to white. We systematically analyzed 18 anatomically defined adipose tissue locations and identified changes in fat content and mitochondrial density that imply an orchestrated pattern of simultaneous browning and whitening on the organismic level. Taken together, PCCT provides a three-dimensional imaging technique to visualize ED of tissues in situ. Within the adipose organ, ED provides a measure of mitochondrial density and fat content. Depending on experimental setting, these constitute surrogate markers of cellular distribution of white, brite, and brown adipocytes and thereby an estimate of thermogenic capacity.

Project description:Background and aims The triglyceride-glucose (TyG) index is a reliable alternative marker for insulin resistance (IR). Pericoronary adipose tissue (PCAT) can indirectly reflect coronary inflammation. IR and coronary inflammation play a key role in the development and progression of coronary atherosclerosis. Therefore, this study investigated the relationships between the TyG index, PCAT and atherosclerotic plaque characteristics to explore whether IR might lead to coronary artery atherosclerosis progression by inducing coronary inflammation. Methods We retrospectively collected data on patients with chest pain who underwent coronary computed tomography angiography using spectral detector computed tomography at our institution from June to December 2021. The patients were grouped based on their TyG index levels: T1 (low), T2 (medium), and T3 (high). Each patient was assessed for total plaque volume, plaque load, maximum stenosis, the plaque component volume proportion, high-risk plaques(HRPs), and plaque characteristics (including low attenuation plaques, positive remodeling, a napkin ring sign, and spot calcification). PCAT quantification was performed on the proximal right coronary artery using the fat attenuation index (FAI) measured from a conventional multicolor computed tomography image (FAI120kVp), a spectral virtual single-energy image (FAI40keV), and the slope of the spectral HU curve (λHU). Results We enrolled 201 patients. The proportion of patients with maximum plaque stenosis, positive remodeling, low-density plaques, and HRPs increased as the TyG index level increased. Moreover, the FAI40keV and λHU significantly differed among the three groups, and we identified good positive correlations between FAI40keV and λHU and the TyG index (r = 0.319, P <0.01 and r = 0.325, P <0.01, respectively). FAI120kVp did not significantly differ among the groups. FAI40keV had the highest area under the curve, with an optimal cutoff value of −130.5 HU for predicting a TyG index value of ≥9.13. The multivariate linear regression analysis demonstrated that FAI40keV and λHU were independently positively related to a high TyG index level (standardized regression coefficients: 0.117 [P <0.001] and 0.134 [P <0.001], respectively). Conclusions Patients with chest pain and a higher TyG index level were more likely to have severe stenosis and HRPs. Moreover, FAI40keV and λHU had good correlations with the serum TyG index, which may noninvasively reflect PCAT inflammation under insulin resistance. These results could help explain the mechanism of plaque progression and instability in patients with insulin resistance might be related to IR-induced coronary inflammation.

Dataset Information

Cross-Sectional Associations of Computed Tomography (CT)-Derived Adipose Tissue Density and Adipokines: The Framingham Heart Study.

Background

Methods and results

Conclusions

Publications

Cross-Sectional Associations of Computed Tomography (CT)-Derived Adipose Tissue Density and Adipokines: The Framingham Heart Study.

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