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Mapping Global Potential Risk of Mango Sudden Decline Disease Caused by Ceratocystis fimbriata.

ABSTRACT: The Mango Sudden Decline (MSD), also referred to as Mango Wilt, is an important disease of mango in Brazil, Oman and Pakistan. This fungus is mainly disseminated by the mango bark beetle, Hypocryphalus mangiferae (Stebbing), by infected plant material, and the infested soils where it is able to survive for long periods. The best way to avoid losses due to MSD is to prevent its establishment in mango production areas. Our objectives in this study were to: (1) predict the global potential distribution of MSD, (2) identify the mango growing areas that are under potential risk of MSD establishment, and (3) identify climatic factors associated with MSD distribution. Occurrence records were collected from Brazil, Oman and Pakistan where the disease is currently known to occur in mango. We used the correlative maximum entropy based model (MaxEnt) algorithm to assess the global potential distribution of MSD. The MaxEnt model predicted suitable areas in countries where the disease does not already occur in mango, but where mango is grown. Among these areas are the largest mango producers in the world including India, China, Thailand, Indonesia, and Mexico. The mean annual temperature, precipitation of coldest quarter, precipitation seasonality, and precipitation of driest month variables contributed most to the potential distribution of MSD disease. The mango bark beetle vector is known to occur beyond the locations where MSD currently exists and where the model predicted suitable areas, thus showing a high likelihood for disease establishment in areas predicted by our model. Our study is the first to map the potential risk of MSD establishment on a global scale. This information can be used in designing strategies to prevent introduction and establishment of MSD disease, and in preparation of efficient pest risk assessments and monitoring programs.

SUBMITTER: Galdino TV

PROVIDER: S-EPMC4944967 | biostudies-literature |

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Project description:Infection by fungal pathogens is the main factor leading to postharvest rot and quality deterioration of fruit and vegetables. Rotting caused by Alternaria alternata is a concerning disease for numerous crops in both production and postharvest stages, especially tomato black spots. In this study, the double Petri dish assay showed that the VOCs of Ceratocystis fimbriata WJSK-1 and Mby inhibited the mycelial growth of fungal pathogen A. alternata, with a percentage inhibition of 52.2% and 42.9%. Then, HS-SPME-GC-MS technology was used to analyze the volatiles produced by two strains of C. fimbriata (WJSK-1, Mby), a total of 42 volatile single components were obtained, the main volatiles compounds identified include nine esters, 10 ketones, five alcohols, four aldehydes, three aromatic hydrocarbons, three heterocycles, four alkenes, three alkanes, and one acid. After that, the antifungal activity of a single volatile component was evaluated both in vitro and in vivo, four single components with antifungal effects were screened out, namely, benzaldehyde, nonanal, 2-Phenylethanol and isoamyl acetate, with IC50 values show the smallest values for benzaldehyde and nonanal at 0.11 μL mL-1, 0.04 μL mL-1. A. alternata exposed to VOCs had abnormal morphology for hyphae, delayed sporulation, and inhibited spore germination. In vivo experiment shows that the four volatile components can effectively suppress disease incidence on fungal-inoculated fruit; the two aldehydes (benzaldehyde and nonanal) have more prominent effect on delaying fruit onset of disease. The results showed that VOCs produced by C. fimbriata have potential as a fumigant for controlling black rot in cherry tomatoes. IMPORTANCE In this research, the volatile organic compounds (VOCs) produced based on C. fimbriata exhibited strong antifungal activity against the fungal pathogen A. alternata. Our aim is to explore their bacteriostatic components. HS-SPME-GC-MS technology was used to analyze the volatiles produced by the C. fimbriata strain (WJSK-1, Mby). Postharvest cherry tomato fruit black rot caused by A. alternata was treated both in vitro and in vivo, with pure individual components produced by C. fimbriata. The benzaldehyde, nonanal, 2-Phenylethanol, and isoamyl acetate from C. fimbriata can effectively inhibit growth of A. alternata, and delay disease. It has the potential to be developed as a new type of fumigant, a potential replacement for fungicides in the future.

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Mapping Global Potential Risk of Mango Sudden Decline Disease Caused by Ceratocystis fimbriata.

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