Dataset Information

Bubbling cell death: A hot air balloon released from the nucleus in the cold.

ABSTRACT: Cell death emanating from the nucleus is largely unknown. In our recent study, we determined that when temperature is lowered in the surrounding environment, apoptosis stops and bubbling cell death (BCD) occurs. The study concerns the severity of frostbite. When exposed to severe cold and strong ultraviolet (UV) irradiation, people may suffer serious damages to the skin and internal organs. This ultimately leads to limb amputations, organ failure, and death. BCD is defined as "formation of a single bubble from the nucleus per cell and release of this swelling bubble from the cell surface to extracellular space that causes cell death." When cells are subjected to UV irradiation and/or brief cold shock (4? for 5?min) and then incubated at room temperature or 4? for time-lapse microscopy, each cell releases an enlarging nuclear gas bubble containing nitric oxide. Certain cells may simultaneously eject hundreds or thousands of exosome-like particles. Unlike apoptosis, no phosphatidylserine flip-over, mitochondrial apoptosis, damage to Golgi complex, and chromosomal DNA fragmentation are shown in BCD. When the temperature is increased back at 37?, bubble formation stops and apoptosis restarts. Mechanistically, proapoptotic WW domain-containing oxidoreductase and p53 block the protective TNF receptor adaptor factor 2 that allows nitric oxide synthase 2 to synthesize nitric oxide and bubble formation. In this mini-review, updated knowledge in cell death and the proposed molecular mechanism for BCD are provided.

SUBMITTER: Chang NS

PROVIDER: S-EPMC4950269 | biostudies-literature | 2016 Jun

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Bubbling cell death: A hot air balloon released from the nucleus in the cold.

Chang Nan-Shan NS

Experimental biology and medicine (Maywood, N.J.) 20160412 12

Cell death emanating from the nucleus is largely unknown. In our recent study, we determined that when temperature is lowered in the surrounding environment, apoptosis stops and bubbling cell death (BCD) occurs. The study concerns the severity of frostbite. When exposed to severe cold and strong ultraviolet (UV) irradiation, people may suffer serious damages to the skin and internal organs. This ultimately leads to limb amputations, organ failure, and death. BCD is defined as "formation of a sin ...[more]

PMID: 27075929

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Project description:Aims: Thermoregulatory responses in homeothermic animals, including humans, are classified into involuntary autonomous and voluntary behavioral thermoregulatory responses. Although behavioral thermoregulatory responses are probably driven by positive (pleasant) and/or negative (unpleasant) emotions, the neuronal mechanisms underlying the induction of negative emotions by hot and cold environments remain poorly understood. The bed nucleus of the stria terminalis is a brain region implicated in stress responses and negative emotions, such as fear, anxiety, and aversion. Various stimuli that cause negative emotions, such as immobilization stress, fox odor, gastric distension, and inflammatory pain, increase noradrenaline release in the rat bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, especially in the ventral bed nucleus of the stria terminalis. It has been reported that the negative emotional component of pain is mediated by noradrenergic neurotransmission in the ventral bed nucleus of the stria terminalis. However, the role of intra-ventral bed nucleus of the stria terminalis noradrenergic neurotransmission in the induction of negative emotion by exposure to hot and cold environments remains to be elucidated. For the first step to address this issue, the effects of hot and cold environments on noradrenaline release in the ventral bed nucleus of the stria terminalis were examined.Methods: In vivo microdialysis analyses in unanesthetized, freely moving male Sprague-Dawley rats were performed to examine hot and cold environments-induced noradrenaline release in the ventral bed nucleus of the stria terminalis.Results: Exposure to hot (38°C) and cold (8°C) environments significantly increased noradrenaline release in the ventral bed nucleus of the stria terminalis.Conclusions: The results suggest that exposure to hot and cold environments enhances noradrenergic neurotransmission in the ventral bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, which may induce negative emotion, and thereby drive avoidance behaviors, that is, escape from hot and cold environments.

Dataset Information

Bubbling cell death: A hot air balloon released from the nucleus in the cold.

Publications

Bubbling cell death: A hot air balloon released from the nucleus in the cold.

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