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Smoking status and abdominal obesity among normal- and overweight/obese adults: Population-based FINRISK study.

ABSTRACT: Several studies have reported direct associations of smoking with body mass index (BMI) and abdominal obesity. However, the interplay between them is poorly understood. Our first aim was to investigate the interaction between smoking status and BMI on abdominal obesity (waist circumference, WC). Our second aim was to examine how the association of smoking status with WC varies among normal and overweight/obese men and women. We examined 5833 participants from the National FINRISK 2007 Study. The interactions between smoking and BMI on WC were analyzed. Participants were categorized into eight groups according to BMI (normal weight vs. overweight/obese) and smoking status (never smoker, ex-smoker, occasional/light/moderate daily smoker, heavy daily smoker). The associations between each BMI/smoking status -group and WC were analyzed by multiple regressions, the normal-weight never smokers as the reference group. The smoking status by BMI-interaction on WC was significant for women, but not for men. Among the overweight/obese women, ex-smokers (β = 2.73; 1.99, 3.46) and heavy daily smokers (β = 4.90; 3.35, 6.44) had the highest estimates for WC when adjusted for age, BMI, alcohol consumption and physical activity. In comparison to never smoking overweight/obese women, the β-coefficients of ex-smokers and heavy daily smokers were significantly higher. Among men and normal weight women the β -coefficients did not significantly differ by smoking status. An interaction between smoking status and BMI on abdominal obesity was observed in women: overweight/obese heavy daily smokers were particularly vulnerable for abdominal obesity. This risk group should be targeted for cardiovascular disease prevention.

SUBMITTER: Tuovinen EL

PROVIDER: S-EPMC4959936 | biostudies-literature |

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Project description:Objective:Latin American countries are experiencing a nutritional and demographic transition that predisposes to the spread of the obesity epidemic, especially among the socially and economically disadvantaged. We aimed to describe the prevalence of obesity, overweight and abdominal obesity and their association with household socioeconomic status (SES) and personal educational level in the five major cities of Colombia (Bogotá, Medellín, Cali, Barranquilla and Bucaramanga). Materials and Methods:We collected demographic and anthropometric measurements from a population-based, stratified, multi-stage probability sample of individuals aged 2-75 years. Study surveys and anthropometric measurements were administered by highly trained staff. All reported prevalences are expanded to the target population, taking into account the sampling design. Results:The study sample included 1922 participants. In children and adolescents, the prevalence of overweight and obesity were respectively 23% and 8.8%. Overweight was most prevalent in the 2-4 (30.9%), followed by the 5-11 (23.8%) and the 12-17 age group (17.8%). The combined prevalence of childhood overweight and obesity increased with SES (16.8% in the lowest vs 42.8% in the highest stratum). In adults (18-75 years), the prevalence of excess body weight was 57.5% (36.2% overweight, 21.3% obesity), the prevalence of abdominal obesity was 34.4%, all prevalences increased with age. Obesity was far more prevalent among adult women (29.4%) than men (12.6%) (p?0.001). Adult obesity and abdominal obesity decreased significantly and monotonically with SES and were most prevalent in individuals with the lowest educational level (35.3% and 50.7%, respectively). Almost 40% of overweight adults had abdominal obesity. Conclusion:Obesity and abdominal obesity are highly prevalent in the urban population of Colombia, and much more frequent among adults of lower SES and educational level. Excess body weight affected more often children of higher SES. Public health measures are urgently needed to tackle the spread of the obesity epidemic in Colombia and other Latin American countries, with a focus on low-income and low-educational level segments of society.

Project description:Background and Aims:The unique demographic and dietary characteristics of modern Arabic population require development of a new predictive equation for the estimation of resting energy expenditure (REE). This study presented new equations characteristic to Saudi population. Methods:A set of predictive equations for REE was derived for 427 healthy male and female subjects (aged 18-57?±?14 years). REE was measured (REEm) by indirect calorimetry (IC) and predicted (REEp) using nine equations. REEp was compared with REEm to determine the predictive accuracy of these equations. Using IC and anthropometrics for stepwise linear regression analysis, a new set of equations to predict REE of men and women was developed. Accuracy of the new main equations was further tested in an external sample of 48 subjects (men?=?50%). Results:Using a number of parameters (bias, underprediction, overprediction, and % accurate prediction), our results suggested that almost all (9/9 in men and 7/9 in women) equations either underpredicted or overpredicted (2/9) REE. None of the already existing equations showed an acceptable REEp/REEm difference as low as 5% and an accurate prediction (?55%) at the individual level. Based on these findings, a new prediction equation (hereafter referred to as the Almajwal-Abulmeaty (AA) equation) was developed using this study's data, after a rigorous stepwise regression analysis using the following formula: REE?=?3832.955?+?AdjWt (kg)?×?48.037?-?Ht (cm)?×?30.642?+?gender?×?141.268?-?age (years)?×?4.525 [AdjWt is Adjusted body weight?=?(Wt?-?IBW)/4?+?IBW. IBW is Ideal body weight; for men IBW?=?(Ht(cm)?-?152.4)?×?1.0714)?+?45.36 and for women IBW?=?(Ht(cm)-152.4)?×?0.8928)?+?45.36]. The regression model accounted for approximately 70% of the variance in REEm (R 2?=?0.702). Conclusion:Previous equations likely over- or underpredicted REE. Therefore, the new predictive AA equations developed in this study are recommended for the estimation of REE in young to middle-aged Saudi men and women with different body mass indexes. Future research is also required for further clinical and cross-validation of these new equations.

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Smoking status and abdominal obesity among normal- and overweight/obese adults: Population-based FINRISK study.

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