Dataset Information

Cryptic Eimeria genotypes are common across the southern but not northern hemisphere.

ABSTRACT: The phylum Apicomplexa includes parasites of medical, zoonotic and veterinary significance. Understanding the global distribution and genetic diversity of these protozoa is of fundamental importance for efficient, robust and long-lasting methods of control. Eimeria spp. cause intestinal coccidiosis in all major livestock animals and are the most important parasites of domestic chickens in terms of both economic impact and animal welfare. Despite having significant negative impacts on the efficiency of food production, many fundamental questions relating to the global distribution and genetic variation of Eimeria spp. remain largely unanswered. Here, we provide the broadest map yet of Eimeria occurrence for domestic chickens, confirming that all the known species (Eimeria acervulina, Eimeria brunetti, Eimeria maxima, Eimeria mitis, Eimeria necatrix, Eimeria praecox, Eimeria tenella) are present in all six continents where chickens are found (including 21 countries). Analysis of 248 internal transcribed spacer sequences derived from 17 countries provided evidence of possible allopatric diversity for species such as E. tenella (FST values ?0.34) but not E. acervulina and E. mitis, and highlighted a trend towards widespread genetic variance. We found that three genetic variants described previously only in Australia and southern Africa (operational taxonomic units x, y and z) have a wide distribution across the southern, but not the northern hemisphere. While the drivers for such a polarised distribution of these operational taxonomic unit genotypes remains unclear, the occurrence of genetically variant Eimeria may pose a risk to food security and animal welfare in Europe and North America should these parasites spread to the northern hemisphere.

SUBMITTER: Clark EL

PROVIDER: S-EPMC4978698 | biostudies-literature | 2016 Aug

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Cryptic Eimeria genotypes are common across the southern but not northern hemisphere.

Clark Emily L EL Macdonald Sarah E SE Thenmozhi V V Kundu Krishnendu K Garg Rajat R Kumar Saroj S Ayoade Simeon S Fornace Kimberly M KM Jatau Isa Danladi ID Moftah Abdalgader A Nolan Matthew J MJ Sudhakar N R NR Adebambo A O AO Lawal I A IA Álvarez Zapata Ramón R Awuni Joseph A JA Chapman H David HD Karimuribo Esron E Mugasa Claire M CM Namangala Boniface B Rushton Jonathan J Suo Xun X Thangaraj Kumarasamy K Srinivasa Rao Arni S R AS Tewari Anup K AK Banerjee Partha S PS Dhinakar Raj G G Raman M M Tomley Fiona M FM Blake Damer P DP

International journal for parasitology 20160629 9

The phylum Apicomplexa includes parasites of medical, zoonotic and veterinary significance. Understanding the global distribution and genetic diversity of these protozoa is of fundamental importance for efficient, robust and long-lasting methods of control. Eimeria spp. cause intestinal coccidiosis in all major livestock animals and are the most important parasites of domestic chickens in terms of both economic impact and animal welfare. Despite having significant negative impacts on the efficie ...[more]

PMID: 27368611

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Project description:BackgroundCape Town has one of the highest TB burdens of any city in the world. In 1900 the City of Cape Town, New York City and London had high mortality of tuberculosis (TB). Throughout the 20th century contemporaneous public health measures including screening, diagnosis and treatment were implemented in all three settings. Mandatory notification of TB and vital status enabled comparison of disease burden trajectories.MethodsTB mortality, notification and case fatality rates were calculated from 1912 to 2012 using annual TB notifications, TB death certifications and population estimates. Notification rates were stratified by age and in Cape Town by HIV status (from 2009 onwards).ResultsPre-chemotherapy, TB mortality and notification rates declined steadily in New York and London but remained high in Cape Town. Following introduction of combination chemotherapy, mean annual case fatality dropped from 45-60% to below 10% in all three settings. Mortality and notification rates subsequently declined, although Cape Town notifications did not decline as far as those in New York or London and returned to pre-chemotherapy levels by 1980. The proportional contribution of childhood TB diminished in New York and London but remained high in Cape Town. The advent of the Cape Town HIV-epidemic in the 1990s was associated with a further two-fold increase in incidence. In 2012, notification rates among HIV-negatives remained at pre-chemotherapy levels.ConclusionsTB control was achieved in New York and London but failed in Cape Town. The TB disease burden trajectories started diverging before the availability of combination chemotherapy in 1952 and further diverged following the HIV epidemic in 1990. Chemotherapy impacted case fatality but not transmission, evidenced by on-going high childhood TB rates. Currently endemic TB results from high on-going transmission, which has been exacerbated by the HIV epidemic. TB control will require reducing transmission, which is inexorably linked to prevailing socio-economic factors.

Dataset Information

Cryptic Eimeria genotypes are common across the southern but not northern hemisphere.

Publications

Cryptic Eimeria genotypes are common across the southern but not northern hemisphere.

Similar Datasets

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