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Trends and determinants of discretionary salt use: National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003-2012.

ABSTRACT: OBJECTIVE:To examine temporal trends and determinants of discretionary salt use in the USA. DESIGN:Multiple logistic regression was used to assess temporal trends in discretionary salt use at the table and during home cooking/preparation, adjusting for demographic characteristics, using data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003-2012. Prevalence and determinants of discretionary salt use in 2009-2012 were also examined. SETTING:Participants answered salt use questions after completing a 24 h dietary recall in a mobile examination centre. SUBJECTS:Nationally representative sample of non-institutionalized US children and adults, aged ?2 years. RESULTS:From 2003 to 2012, the proportion of the population who reported using salt 'very often' declined; from 18 % to 12 % for use at the table (P<0·01) and from 42 % to 37 % during home cooking (P<0·02). While one-third of the population reported never adding salt at the table, most used it during home cooking/preparation (93 %). Use of discretionary salt was least commonly reported among young children and older adults and demographic and health subgroups at risk of CVD. CONCLUSIONS:While most people reported using salt during home cooking/preparation, a minority reported use at the table. Reported 'very often' discretionary salt use has declined. That discretionary salt use is less common among those at risk of CVD suggests awareness of messages to limit Na intake.

SUBMITTER: Quader ZS

PROVIDER: S-EPMC4980301 | biostudies-literature | 2016 Aug

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Trends and determinants of discretionary salt use: National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003-2012.

Quader Zerleen S ZS Patel Sheena S Gillespie Cathleen C Cogswell Mary E ME Gunn Janelle P JP Perrine Cria G CG Mattes Richard D RD Moshfegh Alanna A

Public health nutrition 20160316 12

<h4>Objective</h4>To examine temporal trends and determinants of discretionary salt use in the USA.<h4>Design</h4>Multiple logistic regression was used to assess temporal trends in discretionary salt use at the table and during home cooking/preparation, adjusting for demographic characteristics, using data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003-2012. Prevalence and determinants of discretionary salt use in 2009-2012 were also examined.<h4>Setting</h4>Participants answered ...[more]

PMID: 26979532

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Project description:Background2,4-Dichlorophenol (2,4-DCP), 2,5-dichlorophenol (2,5-DCP), and their precursors are widely used in industry and in consumer products. Urinary concentrations of these dichlorophenols (DCPs) have been measured as part of four National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) cycles in order to assess the exposure to these compounds or their precursors among the general U.S. population.ObjectivesWe identified predictors and evaluated trends in DCP concentrations according to race/ethnicity, age, sex, family income, and housing type.MethodsWe used analysis of covariance to examine associations of various demographic parameters and survey cycle with urinary concentrations of DCPs during NHANES 2003-2010. We also conducted weighted logistic regressions to estimate associations of DCP concentrations above the 95th percentile with housing type, race/ethnicity, and income.ResultsWe detected DCPs in at least 81% of participants. Geometric mean (GM) urinary concentrations were higher for 2,5-DCP (6.1-12.9 ?g/L) than 2,4-DCP (0.8-1.0 ?g/L) throughout 2003-2010. Adjusted GM concentrations of the DCPs among children (6-11 years of age) and adults > 60 years of age were higher than among adolescents and other adults. Adjusted GM concentrations among non-Hispanic whites were lower than among non-Hispanic blacks and Mexican Americans, although differences according to race/ethnicity were less pronounced among participants in high-income households. Among non-Hispanic blacks and Mexican Americans, adjusted GM concentrations were lowest among high-income participants relative to other income groups, with a monotonic decrease with increasing income among Mexican Americans. Type of housing and race/ethnicity were significant predictors of DCP urinary concentrations above the 95th percentile. Furthermore, urinary DCP concentrations have showed a downward trend since 2003.ConclusionsExposure to DCPs and their precursors was prevalent in the general U.S. population in 2003-2010. We identified age and race/ethnicity, family income, and housing type as predictors of exposure to these compounds.

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Trends and determinants of discretionary salt use: National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003-2012.

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Trends and determinants of discretionary salt use: National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003-2012.

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