Origination, Expansion, Evolutionary Trajectory, and Expression Bias of AP2/ERF Superfamily in Brassica napus.
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ABSTRACT:
SUBMITTER: Song X
PROVIDER: S-EPMC4982375 | biostudies-literature | 2016
REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature
Publications
Origination, Expansion, Evolutionary Trajectory, and Expression Bias of AP2/ERF Superfamily in Brassica napus.
Song Xiaoming X Wang Jinpeng J Ma Xiao X Li Yuxian Y Lei Tianyu T Wang Li L Ge Weina W Guo Di D Wang Zhenyi Z Li Chunjin C Zhao Jianjun J Wang Xiyin X
Frontiers in plant science 20160812
The AP2/ERF superfamily, one of the most important transcription factor families, plays crucial roles in response to biotic and abiotic stresses. So far, a comprehensive evolutionary inference of its origination and expansion has not been available. Here, we identified 515 AP2/ERF genes in B. napus, a neo-tetraploid forming ~7500 years ago, and found that 82.14% of them were duplicated in the tetraploidization. A prominent subgenome bias was revealed in gene expression, tissue-specific, and gene ...[more]
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Project description:The AP2/ERF transcription factor family plays an important role in different biological processes such as growth, development and response to abiotic and biotic stresses in plants. The genome-wide analysis identified 531 AP2/ERF genes in Brassica napus (oilseed rape or canola) that ranged from 333 to 6440 bp in genomic and 273-2493 bp in coding DNA sequence length. We classified BnAP2/ERF proteins into five subfamilies including AP2 (58 genes), ERF (250 genes), DREB/CBF (194 genes), RAV (26 genes), and Soloist (3 genes). Furthermore, AP2/ERF proteins were subdivided into 15 groups according to the AP2/ERF classification in Arabidopsis. The number of exons in BnAP2/ERF genes was from one to eleven and most of these genes in the same subfamily had the same exon-intron pattern. The results also indicated that the composition of conserved motifs in most proteins in each group was similar. The intron-exon patterns and the composition of conserved motifs validated the BnAP2/ERF transcription factors phylogenetic classification. Based on the results of genome distribution, BnAP2/ERF genes were located unevenly on the 19 B. napus chromosomes. The results indicated that gene duplication may play an important role in genome expansion of B. napus. Furthermore, genome evolution of B. napus using orthologous and paralogous identification was studied. We found 278, 380 and 366 orthologous gene pairs between B. napus with A. thaliana, B. rapa and B. oleracea, respectively. The results of this study will be useful in investigation of functional role and molecular mechanisms of BnAP2/ERF transcription factors genes in response to different stresses.
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Project description:BACKGROUND: Chinese cabbage (Brassica rapa ssp. pekinensis) is a member of one of the most important leaf vegetables grown worldwide, which has experienced thousands of years in cultivation and artificial selection. The entire Chinese cabbage genome sequence, and more than forty thousand proteins have been obtained to date. The genome has undergone triplication events since its divergence from Arabidopsis thaliana (13 to 17 Mya), however a high degree of sequence similarity and conserved genome structure remain between the two species. Arabidopsis is therefore a viable reference species for comparative genomics studies. Variation in the number of members in gene families due to genome triplication may contribute to the broad range of phenotypic plasticity, and increased tolerance to environmental extremes observed in Brassica species. Transcription factors are important regulators involved in plant developmental and physiological processes. The AP2/ERF proteins, one of the most important families of transcriptional regulators, play a crucial role in plant growth, and in response to biotic and abiotic stressors. Our analysis will provide resources for understanding the tolerance mechanisms in Brassica rapa ssp. pekinensis. RESULTS: In the present study, 291 putative AP2/ERF transcription factor proteins were identified from the Chinese cabbage genome database, and compared with proteins from 15 additional species. The Chinese cabbage AP2/ERF superfamily was classified into four families, including AP2, ERF, RAV, and Soloist. The ERF family was further divided into DREB and ERF subfamilies. The AP2/ERF superfamily was subsequently divided into 15 groups. The identification, classification, phylogenetic reconstruction, conserved motifs, chromosome distribution, functional annotation, expression patterns, and interaction networks of the AP2/ERF transcription factor superfamily were predicted and analyzed. Distribution mapping results showed AP2/ERF superfamily genes were localized on the 10 Chinese cabbage chromosomes. AP2/ERF transcription factor expression levels exhibited differences among six tissue types based on expressed sequence tags (ESTs). In the AP2/ERF superfamily, 214 orthologous genes were identified between Chinese cabbage and Arabidopsis. Orthologous gene interaction networks were constructed, and included seven CBF and four AP2 genes, primarily involved in cold regulatory pathways and ovule development, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The evolution of the AP2/ERF transcription factor superfamily in Chinese cabbage resulted from genome triplication and tandem duplications. A comprehensive analysis of the physiological functions and biological roles of AP2/ERF superfamily genes in Chinese cabbage is required to fully elucidate AP2/ERF, which provides us with rich resources and opportunities to understand crop stress tolerance mechanisms.
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Project description:The allotetraploid cotton originated from one hybridization event between an extant progenitor of Gosssypium herbaceum (A1) or G. arboreum (A2) and another progenitor, G. raimondii Ulbrich (D5) 1-1.5 million years ago (Mya). The APETALA2/ethylene-responsive element binding protein (AP2/EREBP) transcription factors constitute one of the largest and most conserved gene families in plants. They are characterized by their AP2 domain, which comprises 60-70 amino acids, and are classified into four main subfamilies: the APETALA2 (AP2), Related to ABI3/VP1 (RAV), Dehydration-Responsive Element Binding protein (DREB) and Ethylene-Responsive Factor (ERF) subfamilies. The AP2/EREBP genes play crucial roles in plant growth, development and biotic and abiotic stress responses. Hence, understanding the molecular characteristics of cotton stress tolerance and gene family expansion would undoubtedly facilitate cotton resistance breeding and evolution research.A total of 269 AP2/EREBP genes were identified in the G. raimondii (D5) cotton genome. The protein domain architecture and intron/exon structure are simple and relatively conserved within each subfamily. They are distributed throughout all chromosomes but are clustered on various chromosomes due to genomic tandem duplication. We identified 73 tandem duplicated genes and 221 segmental duplicated gene pairs which contributed to the expansion of AP2/EREBP superfamily. Of them, tandem duplication was the most important force of the expansion of the B3 group. Transcriptome analysis showed that 504 AP2/EREBP genes were expressed in at least one tested G. hirsutum TM-1 tissues. In G. hirsutum, 151 non-repeated genes of the DREB and ERF subfamily genes were responsive to different stresses: 132 genes were induced by cold, 63 genes by drought and 94 genes by heat. qRT-PCR confirmed that 13 GhDREB and 15 GhERF genes were induced by cold and/or drought. No transcripts detected for 53 of the 111 tandem duplicated genes in TM-1. In addition, some homoeologous genes showed biased expression toward either A-or D-subgenome.The AP2/EREBP genes were obviously expanded in Gossypium. The GhDREB and GhERF genes play crucial roles in cotton stress responses. Our genome-wide analysis of AP2/EREBP genes in cotton provides valuable information for characterizing the molecular functions of AP2/EREBP genes and reveals insights into their evolution in polyploid plants.
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