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Unhealthy diets, obesity and time discounting: a systematic literature review and network analysis.

ABSTRACT: There is an increasing policy commitment to address the avoidable burdens of unhealthy diet, overweight and obesity. However, to design effective policies, it is important to understand why people make unhealthy dietary choices. Research from behavioural economics suggests a critical role for time discounting, which describes how people's value of a reward, such as better health, decreases with delay to its receipt. We systematically reviewed the literature on the relationship of time discounting with unhealthy diets, overweight and obesity in Web of Science and PubMed. We identified 41 studies that met our inclusion criteria as they examined the association between time discount rates and (i) unhealthy food consumption; (ii) overweight and (iii) response to dietary and weight loss interventions. Nineteen out of 25 cross-sectional studies found time discount rates positively associated with overweight, obesity and unhealthy diets. Experimental studies indicated that lower time discounting was associated with greater weight loss. Findings varied by how time discount rates were measured; stronger results were observed for food than monetary-based measurements. Network co-citation analysis revealed a concentration of research in nutrition journals. Overall, there is moderate evidence that high time discounting is a significant risk factor for unhealthy diets, overweight and obesity and may serve as an important target for intervention. © 2016 The Authors Obesity Reviews published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of International Association for the Study of Obesity (IASO).

SUBMITTER: Barlow P

PROVIDER: S-EPMC4988386 | biostudies-literature | 2016 Sep

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Unhealthy diets, obesity and time discounting: a systematic literature review and network analysis.

Barlow Pepita P Reeves Aaron A McKee Martin M Galea Gauden G Stuckler David D

Obesity reviews : an official journal of the International Association for the Study of Obesity 20160603 9

There is an increasing policy commitment to address the avoidable burdens of unhealthy diet, overweight and obesity. However, to design effective policies, it is important to understand why people make unhealthy dietary choices. Research from behavioural economics suggests a critical role for time discounting, which describes how people's value of a reward, such as better health, decreases with delay to its receipt. We systematically reviewed the literature on the relationship of time discountin ...[more]

PMID: 27256685

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Project description:BackgroundPeople engage in health information-seeking behavior to support health outcomes, and being able to predict such behavior can inform the development of interventions to guide effective health information seeking. Obtaining a comprehensive list of the predictors of health information-seeking behavior through a systematic search of the literature and exploring the interrelationship of these predictors are critical first steps in this process.ObjectiveThis study aims to identify significant predictors of health information-seeking behavior in the primary literature, develop a common taxonomy for these predictors, and identify the evolution of the concerned research field.MethodsA systematic search of PsycINFO, Scopus, and PubMed was conducted for all years up to and including December 10, 2019. Quantitative studies identifying significant predictors of health information-seeking behavior were included. Information seeking was broadly defined and not restricted to any source of health information. Data extraction of significant predictors was performed by 2 authors, and network analysis was conducted to observe the relationships between predictors with time.ResultsA total of 9549 articles were retrieved, and after the screening, 344 studies were retained for analysis. A total of 1595 significant predictors were identified. These predictors were categorized into 67 predictor categories, with the most central predictors being age, education, gender, health condition, and financial income. With time, the interrelationship of predictors in the network became denser, with the growth of new predictor grouping reaching saturation (1 new predictor identified) in the past 7 years, despite increasing publication rates.ConclusionsA common taxonomy was developed to classify 67 significant predictors of health information-seeking behavior. A time-aggregated network method was developed to track the evolution of the research field, showing the maturation of new predictor terms and an increase in primary studies reporting multiple significant predictors of health information-seeking behavior. The literature has evolved with a decreased characterization of novel predictors of health information-seeking behavior. In contrast, we identified a parallel increase in the complexity of predicting health information-seeking behavior, with an increase in the literature describing multiple significant predictors.

Project description:AimsEvidence to support dietary modifications to improve glycemia during pregnancy is limited, and the benefits of diet beyond limiting gestational weight gain is unclear. Therefore, a systematic review and network meta-analysis of randomized trials was conducted to compare the effects of various common diets, stratified by the addition of gestational weight gain advice, on fasting glucose and insulin, hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c), and homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) in pregnant women.MethodsMEDLINE, EMBASE, Cochrane database, and reference lists of published studies were searched through April 2017. Randomized trials directly comparing two or more diets for ?2-weeks were eligible. Bayesian network meta-analysis was performed for fasting glucose. Owing to a lack of similar dietary comparisons, a standard pairwise meta-analysis for the other glycemic outcomes was performed. The certainty of the pooled effect estimates was assessed using the GRADE tool.ResultsTwenty-one trials (1,865 participants) were included. In general, when given alongside gestational weight gain advice, fasting glucose improved in most diets compared to diets that gave gestational weight gain advice only. However, fasting glucose increased in high unsaturated or monounsaturated fatty acids diets. In the absence of gestational weight gain advice, fasting glucose improved in DASH-style diets compared to standard of care. Although most were non-significant, similar trends were observed for these same diets for the other glycemic outcomes. Dietary comparisons ranged from moderate to very low in quality of evidence.Conclusion/interpretationAlongside with gestational weight gain advice, most diets, with the exception of a high unsaturated or a high monounsaturated fatty acid diet, demonstrated a fasting glucose improvement compared with gestational weight gain advice only. When gestational weight gain advice was not given, the DASH-style diet appeared optimal on fasting glucose. However, a small number of trials were identified and most dietary comparisons were underpowered to detect differences in glycemic outcomes. Further studies that are high in quality and adequately powered are needed to confirm these findings.RegistrationPROSPERO CRD42015026008.

Project description:BackgroundThe disease Zika is considered as emergent. The infection can be acquired through different routes: a bite from the Aedes mosquito, sexual contact, from mother to child during pregnancy and by blood transfusion. The possibility of Zika transmission through human lactation has been considered. Zika is a disease of great concern for public health because it has been associated with neonatal and postnatal microcephaly, among other birth defects.ObjectivesTo review published evidence of the probable transmission of Zika through human lactation.Data sourcesElectronic databases: Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, EBSCO, Gale, Science Direct, Scopus, US National Library of Medicine (PubMed) and Web of Science. World Health Organization and Centers for Disease Control and Prevention web pages.Study eligibility criteriaTo be eligible, studies of any design had to provide primary data of human breast milk as a potential fluid for the transmission of Zika, or primary or secondary follow-up data of infants with at least one previous published study that complied with the first criterion of eligibility.ParticipantsStudies about women with suspected, probable or confirmed Zika during pregnancy, or the postnatal period and beyond. Studies about infants who breastfeed directly from the breast or where fed with the expressed breast milk of the suspected, probable or confirmed women with Zika.ResultsThis study only chose data from research papers; no patients were taken directly by the authors. A total of 1,146 were screened and nine studies were included in the qualitative synthesis, from which a total of 10 cases were identified, with documented follow-up in three of these cases. Through the timing of maternal Zika infection, five cases were classified as prenatal (time before delivery), one as immediate postnatal (period from 0 to 4 days after birth); no cases were classified as medium postnatal (period from 5 days to 8 weeks after birth); two were classified as long postnatal (period from 8 weeks to 6 months after birth) and two as beyond six months after birth.ConclusionHuman milk may be considered as a potentially infectious fluid, but we found no currently documented studies of the long-term complications in infants up to 32 months of age, with suspected, probable or confirmed Zika through human lactation, or evidence with respect to the human pathophysiology of the infection acquired through human lactation. In the light of the studies reviewed here, the World Health Organization recommendation of June 29th 2016, remains valid: "the benefits of breastfeeding for the infant and mother outweigh any potential risk of Zika virus transmission through breast milk."

Project description:BackgroundConsistent evidence suggests a relationship between lower educational attainment and total obesity defined using body mass index (BMI); however, a comparison of the relationships between educational attainment and total obesity (BMI ≥30 kg/m2) and central obesity (waist circumference (WC) > 102 cm for men and WC > 88 cm for women) has yet to be carried out. This systematic literature review (SLR) and meta-analyses aimed to understand whether i) the associations between education and obesity are different depending on the measures of obesity used (BMI and WC), and ii) to explore whether these relationships differ by gender and region.MethodsMedline, Embase and Web of Science were searched to identify studies investigating the associations between education and total and central obesity among adults in the general population of countries in the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). Meta-analyses and meta-regression were performed in a subset of comparable studies (n=36 studies; 724,992 participants).Results86 eligible studies (78 cross-sectional and eight longitudinal) were identified. Among women, most studies reported an association between a lower education and total and central obesity. Among men, there was a weaker association between lower education and central than total obesity (OR central vs total obesity in men 0.79 (95% CI 0.60, 1.03)). The association between lower education and obesity was stronger in women compared with men (OR women vs men 1.66 (95% CI 1.32, 2.08)). The relationship between lower education and obesity was less strong in women from Northern than Southern Europe (OR Northern vs Southern Europe in women 0.37 (95% CI 0.27, 0.51)), but not among men.ConclusionsAssociations between education and obesity differ depending on whether total or central obesity is used among men, but not in women. These associations are stronger among women than men, particularly in Southern European countries.

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Unhealthy diets, obesity and time discounting: a systematic literature review and network analysis.

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Unhealthy diets, obesity and time discounting: a systematic literature review and network analysis.

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