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Gender, Position of Authority, and the Risk of Depression and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder among a National Sample of U.S. Reserve Component Personnel.

ABSTRACT: BACKGROUND:Recent U.S. military operations in Iraq and Afghanistan have seen dramatic increases in the proportion of women serving and the breadth of their occupational roles. General population studies suggest that women, compared with men, and persons with lower, as compared with higher, social position may be at greater risk of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and depression. However, these relations remain unclear in military populations. Accordingly, we aimed to estimate the effects of 1) gender, 2) military authority (i.e., rank), and 3) the interaction of gender and military authority on a) risk of most recent deployment-related PTSD and b) risk of depression since most recent deployment. METHODS:Using a nationally representative sample of 1,024 previously deployed Reserve Component personnel surveyed in 2010, we constructed multivariable logistic regression models to estimate effects of interest. RESULTS:Weighted multivariable logistic regression models demonstrated no statistically significant associations between gender or authority, and either PTSD or depression. Interaction models demonstrated multiplicative statistical interaction between gender and authority for PTSD (beta = -2.37; p = .01), and depression (beta = -1.21; p = .057). Predicted probabilities of PTSD and depression, respectively, were lowest in male officers (0.06, 0.09), followed by male enlisted (0.07, 0.14), female enlisted (0.07, 0.15), and female officers (0.30, 0.25). CONCLUSIONS:Female officers in the Reserve Component may be at greatest risk for PTSD and depression after deployment, relative to their male and enlisted counterparts, and this relation is not explained by deployment trauma exposure. Future studies may fruitfully examine whether social support, family responsibilities peri-deployment, or contradictory class status may explain these findings.

SUBMITTER: Cohen GH

PROVIDER: S-EPMC5008021 | biostudies-literature | 2016 May-Jun

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Gender, Position of Authority, and the Risk of Depression and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder among a National Sample of U.S. Reserve Component Personnel.

Cohen Gregory H GH Sampson Laura A LA Fink David S DS Wang Jing J Russell Dale D Gifford Robert R Fullerton Carol C Ursano Robert R Galea Sandro S

Women's health issues : official publication of the Jacobs Institute of Women's Health 20160218 3

<h4>Background</h4>Recent U.S. military operations in Iraq and Afghanistan have seen dramatic increases in the proportion of women serving and the breadth of their occupational roles. General population studies suggest that women, compared with men, and persons with lower, as compared with higher, social position may be at greater risk of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and depression. However, these relations remain unclear in military populations. Accordingly, we aimed to estimate the eff ...[more]

PMID: 26899583

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Project description:AimTo explore if there is an interaction effect between gender (men and women) and profession (nurses and physicians) in posttraumatic growth (PTG).BackgroundPTG is defined as a positive psychological change experienced as a result of struggling with highly challenging life circumstances. It may take the form of improved self-image, a deeper understanding of self, increased spirituality, and/or enhanced interpersonal relationships. Gender and profession were found separately to be associated with PTG, but to date were not examined under interaction effect.MethodsWe employed a cross-sectional study conducted in the tertiary medical center in Israel using a convenience sample. One hundred and twenty-eight nurses and seventy-eight physicians gave their consent and agreed to fill out self-report questionnaires regarding personal and professional data and PTG Inventory.FindingsThe correlation matrix revealed that being a woman was associated with higher PTG total scale (r = 0.242; P ≤ 0.001) and its subscales except for spiritual change that showed no evidence of statistical effect. Similar pattern was found for being a nurse with PTG total scale (r = 0.223; P ≤0.001) and its subscales except for relating to others that showed no evidence of statistical effect. However, the interaction effect revealed that among men, there was no difference in the level of PTG and its subscales based on profession (Physicians men = 62.54 (20.82) versus Nurses men = 60.26 (22.39); F = 9.618; P = 0.002). Among women, nurses had a significantly higher scores in PTG (Physicians women = 61.81 (18.51) versus Nurses women = 73.87 (12.36); F = 9.618; P = 0.002) and its subscales in comparison to physicians except for subscale relating to other.ConclusionsOur findings suggest implications for research and practice namely exploring PTG among nurses and physicians would benefit from applying interaction effect of gender and profession. For practice, advocating PTG within the health care organization is needed to be tailored with gender and professional sensitivity.

Dataset Information

Gender, Position of Authority, and the Risk of Depression and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder among a National Sample of U.S. Reserve Component Personnel.

Publications

Gender, Position of Authority, and the Risk of Depression and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder among a National Sample of U.S. Reserve Component Personnel.

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